Which of the following provides clear evidence of unlawful adverse impact?

a. Men obtain lower scores on a test of management ability and so are less likely to be chosen for certain management positions.

b. White applicants tend to score higher on a job selection test and are hired over lower-scoring nonwhites, even though whites are already overrepresented in the job category.

c. Persons who are under age 40 score higher on a test of popular culture and are hired over older applicants. High scores on this test do not predict better performance on this job.

d. Applicants for a position as a proofreader are given a test of reading ability; an applicant with dyslexia fails the test and is not hired.