Which of the following is true about grievance procedures?

a) In the absence of a grievance procedure, the employee is not entitled to file grievances individually.

b) Supervisors and stewards usually understand the contract well.

c) Presenting grievances in an informal oral manner generally prevents supervisors and stewards from reaching a quick solution before a written record is established.

d) Individual employees may also file grievances if the contract has such a procedure, but they generally do not, depending on which union represents them.