Question 1 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Which of the following is the most complete and accurate definition of psychology?

The study of behavior and mental processes

The study of the mind of humans and other animals

The study of mental health and illness

The study of the human mind

Question 2 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Empirical evidence is derived from careful observation, experimentation, and ______________.

Psychology

Measurement

Psychobabble

Common sense

Question 3 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Graphology or handwriting analysis, uses precise measurements in order to determine personality characteristics from a sample of one's handwriting. However, there is little empirical evidence to suggest that graphology is accurate in determining one's personality from a handwriting sample. Graphology is an example of ______________.

Fortune-telling

Common sense

Pseudoscience

Numerology

Question 4 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Mark has a strong desire to quit smoking. A psychologist from the biological perspective would most likely try to help by _____________.

Delivering a shock to Mark's wrist juts as he inhales

Probing Mark's unconscious desire to smoke and his need for oral fulfillment.

Finding a drug that helps Mark's craving for nicotine

Emphasizing that smoking is a decision and that Mark has the cognitive control to quit.

Question 5 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

The _________________ perspective emphasizes what goes on in people's heads, including mental process, such as perception, memory, language, or problem solving.

Biological

Learning

Cognitive

Sociocultural

Question 6 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Several middle-school girls were watching their classmates, Jon and Jason, engage in a rough-and-tumble wrestling match. The attention of the girls seemed to intensity the boys' play. A psychologist trained in the psychoanalytic perspective would most likely wonder, _______________.

What are the basic emotional reactions evoked by the presence of the girls

Do these boys have smaller head bumps devoted to 'cautiousness' than most boys

What is the purpose of rough-and-tumble play in the adaptive changes of early adolescence

Did these boys have early childhood traumas that unconsciously cause aggressive behavior.

Question 7 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

7. Making a generalization based on a personal experience or a few examples is referred to as ______________.

Argument by anecdote

Examination of evidence

Principle of falsifiability

Analysis of assumptions

Question 8 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Procedures used to measure and evaluate personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, and values are called ____________.

Laboratory observations

Control conditions

Psychological tests

Field research

Question 9 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

A psychological tests is said to be valid if it ________________.

Measures what it is designed to measure

Compares results against established standards of performance

Produces the same results from one time to the next

Allows test-takers to fully demonstrate the extent of their abilities

Question 10 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

When two variables are not related, the correlation coefficient will be close to ___________.

0

-1

+1

+10

Question 11 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

A researcher plans to investigate whether a cup of hot milk at night helps people relax so that they fall asleep quickly. In this study, _____________.

The independent variable is the amount of time it takes the person to fall asleep

The independent variable is the lab in which the research is conducted.

The independent variable is the hot milk at bedtime

The independent variable is the hypothesis of the study.

Question 12 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

An inactive substance or fake treatment that is used as a control in an experiment is called a(n)____________.

Dependent variable

Experimental group

Placebo

Control condition

Question 13 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

A(n) ________________ is a characteristic of an individual describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, or feeling.

Personality

Trait

Defense mechanism

Archetype

Question 14 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Jesse becomes furious when her favorite hockey player is intentionally hurt by an opponent. According to Freud's model of the mind, her "id" would unconsciously tell her, ____________.

"Thou shalt not kill."

"I'm going to tear this program in half!"

What, me angry? I could never get angry."

"I'm so angry I could kill that player!"

Question 15 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

One of the most influential trait theorists was ____________ who recognized that not all traits have equal weight and significance in people's lives.

Abraham Maslow

John B. Watson

Gordon Allport

Karen Horney

Question 16 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Rachel is talkative, sociable, and adventurous. She loves to be the center of attention. Which of the 'Big Five' personality traits pertains to Rachel's characteristic behavior?

Agreeableness v. antagonism

Openness to experience v. resistance

Extraversion v. introversion

Neuroticism v. emotional stability

Question 17 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

______________ is a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that is attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.

Reciprocal determinism

Heritability

Factor analysis

Congruence

Question 18 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

In behavioral-genetic research, __________________ includes the family background in which you grew up and the experiences you shared with your siblings and parents.

Surface structure

Nonshared environment

Shared environment

Deep structure

Question 19 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

According to Maslow, the most important aspects of personality are the ____________________.

Big Five personality traits

Instincts and repressed conflicts of a person

Qualities of the self-actualized person

Reinforcers and punishers in a person's learning history.

Question 20 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

According to Carl Rogers, ______________ is love and support given to another with no strings attached.

The condition of worth

Unconditional positive regard

Existentialism

Self-actualization

Question 21 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

After implantation of the zygote is completed, the ____________ stage of prenatal development begins.

Embryonic

Structural

Germinal

Fetal

Question 22 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Which of the following outcomes is associated with maternal exposure to lead during pregnancy?

Defects in the eye, ear, and heart

Attention problems and lower IQ

Increased likelihood of prematurity and low birth weight

Mental retardation, blindness, and other physical disorders

Question 23 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Researchers have found that "baby talk" by parents _________________.

Helps babies learn the melody and rhythm of their native language

Holds children back from learning real language faster

Promotes telegraphic speech, especially if it is overused

Teaches children the correct grammar of their native language

Question 24 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Noam Chomsky viewed language acquisition in children as the result of _______________.

An innate mental module that allows young children to develop language

Reinforcement by adults of correct language production

Utilitarian learning in which children learn that correct language produces desirable results

Classical conditioning of innate utterances produced by infants and young children.

Question 25 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

In Jean Piaget's theory, the process of absorbing new information into existing mental categories is called __________________.

Assimilation

Accommodation

Conservation

Egocentrism

Question 26 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Layla understands that "Daddy" is her father but does not understand that she is Daddy's daughter. Piaget would suggest that Layla is in the ___________ stage.

Preoperational

Formal operations

Sensorimotor

Concrete operations

Question 27 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

All of the following would be considered "gender differences" EXCEPT the difference between men and women in regard to ______________.

Sexual attitudes

Doing laundry

Reading romance novels

Color blindness

Question 28 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Learning theorists believe that gender socialization begins _______________.

At the moment of a child's birth

When the child comprehends speech

When children label themselves boys or girls

When children have developed a secure gender identity

Question 29 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Comparisons of hormone production in boys and girls show that ______________.

Before puberty, boys have higher levels of estrogen than girls do

From puberty on, boys and girls produce the same amounts of androgens and estrogens

Before puberty, girls have higher levels of estrogen than do boys

From puberty on, boys produce more androgens and girls produce more estrogens.

Question 30 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Adolescent girls who are lonely, depressed, worried, or angry are more likely than boys to express these concerns by _______________.

Engaging in rule-breaking and risk-taking behaviors

Internalizing their feelings

Becoming aggressive and acting out sexually

Attempting suicide

Question 31 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

During Erikson's stage of _____________, a person is acquiring new physical and mental skills, setting goals, and enjoying newfound talents, but must learn to control impulses.

Initiative versus guilt

Generativity versus stagnation

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Ego integrity versus despair

Question 32 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

As people move into old age, the speed of cognitive processing ______________.

Slows significantly

Increases for those who take vitamins

Slows rapidly

Does not change at all

Question 33 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Which of the following is NOT one of the child-rearing practices suggested by child development research?

Set high expectations that are appropriate to the child's age

Allow children to express their disagreements about rules

Encourage empathy by showing how fighting hurts and disrupts others

Always punish behavior that violates family rules

Question 34 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

The spinal cord is actually an extension of the _______________.

Body's visceral organs

Skeletal nervous system

Brain

Sensory nerves

Question 35 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Which is one function of the myelin sheath?

To form cranial nerves

To speed up neural transmission

To create interference among neural signals

To release neurotransmitters

Question 36 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Which hormones are involved in emotion and stress?

Estrogen

Melatonin

Adrenal hormones

Progesterone

Question 37 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

The outer part of each adrenal gland produces _____________, which increases blood-sugar levels and boosts energy.

Estrogen

Androgen

Cortisol

Melatonin

Question 38 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Which structure of the brain is called the 'gateway to memory?'

Amygdala

Hippocampus

Cerebellum

Thalamus

Question 39 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

______________ area is responsible for language comprehension and is located in the left ________ lobe.

Broca's; temporal

Wernicke's; temporal

Broca's; frontal

Wernicke's; frontal

Question 40 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

According to the text, what is the primary nervous system stimulus that informs the biological clock?

Visual

Taste

Smell

Balance

Question 41 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Emilio is currently in Stage 2 sleep. This means his EEG is showing ________ waves.

only delta

occasional delta

rapid, high peaking

small, irregular brain

Question 42 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Depressants exert their influence on the brain by _____________.

Slowing down activity in the central nervous system

Mimicking the action of endorphins, producing a feeling of euphoria

Disrupting normal thought and perceptual processes

Speeding up activity in the central nervous system

Question 43 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Which of the following drugs is a psychedelic?

LSD

Alcohol

Amphetamines

Heroin

Question 44 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

At the orientation for first-year students, April felt overwhelmed by the number of people, the multiple conversations and the forms that needed to be completed. April is experiencing ____________.

Sensory overload

Notable differences

Sensory adaptation

Sensory deprivation

Question 45 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Which of the following is a Gestalt principle?

Brightness

Saturation

Proximity

Acuity

Question 46 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

The thing that makes a middle-C note on a flute sound very different from a middle-C note on a clarinet is ____________.

Frequency

Loudness

Timbre

Pitch

Question 47 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

What two senses keep us informed about the movement of our own body?

Homeostasis and balance

Equilibrium and homeostasis

Equilibrium and Kinesthesis

Kinesthesis and homeostasis

Question 48 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

When Mitch was learning to drive, he couldn't imagine how he could ever remember to steer the wheel, flip on the turn signal, put on the gas, and still manage to turn the car! Now that he has been driving for three years, Mitch's reactions have become automatic. Now when he drives a car ____________________________.

Nonconscious processes are involved

Subconscious processes are involved

Convergent thinking is involved

Divergent thinking is involved

Question 49 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Bunny is surprised to hear her little brother say, "Hello!" because she had intended to call her best friend. Her error in dialing the wrong number can be attributed to ______________.

Implicit learning

Hindsight bias

Mental set

Mindlessness

Question 50 (Multiple Choice Worth 2 points)

Deductive reasoning involves _____________________.

Comparing and evaluating opposing points of view in order to resolve differences

Drawing conclusions from a set of observations or premises

Generalizing from past experience

Use of an algorithm to solve a problem