When developing your answers you must include some (cited) facts to support the major points in your response. Your response should not include continuous cites, without your thoughts and analysis either. Although there is no set word limit for your answers, your exam must be comprehensive and balanced with cited facts, information, and your perspective and analysis of the points you made in your answers.

Appropriate APA writing style is required. All text must be doubled spaced and written in 12 point Arial font. Include the question you are responding to immediately before each answer. A title and references page must be included. Just a reminder, all cites and references must be formatted in APA style. Minimize the use of direct quotes. Use indented block quotes if quoting 40 words of more.

For your Final Essay Examination, you will respond to four of the five questions presented.

1. Why did Sutherland play such a prominent role in discovering "white-collar crime" in the sense of defining it and making it an object of criminological study?

2. Describe and explain how feminist scholars succeeded in "gendering criminology" in important ways. Provide some examples to support your response.

3. Discuss how the conservatism of the 1980s created the context for the revitalization of the classical school and positivists' theories of holding the individual responsible their criminal behavior, and the subsequent return to incarceration as the answer to reducing crime.

4. Explain how the Routine Activity Theory is uniquely different from most other criminological theories regarding crime. How does this theory specifically propose to reduce crime?

5. Specifically, explain and discuss the concepts of continuity, change, social interactional and cognitive desistance within the framework of integrated and life-course theories.