Rachel went to Emergency Department at Choo Choo Hospital in Chattanooga, Tennessee complaining of pain. Emergency department physician took detailed history of her symptoms and discharged her with prescription. In discharge instructions, Rachel was told to return if pain got worse. Rachel returned next day, and emergency room physician diagnosed her with septicemia, serious blood infection, resulting from her try to lance boil on her face. Presence of boil is documented in medical record.

a. Under what theory or theories might Choo Choo Hospital be responsible for actions of emergency department physician?

b. What extra facts do you require to answer the question?

c. What steps might hospital administrator take to minimize hospital's risks?