Type out your answers to each essay question provided in a Microsoft Word document Please clearly label each answer with the respective question number.

Answering all parts of the question, grammar, organization, and clarity of writing will be considered in the grading of each exam question. Each exam answer should be numbered and the answers should be double-spaced.

Please avoid plagiarism by putting answers in your own words.

Question 1: Discuss the concept of punishment. What is punishment and what are the different goals of punishment? Be sure to identify a policy or practice by at least one aspect of the Criminal Justice System (at any point in time) that intended to meet each goal of punishment.

Question 2: The Criminal Justice System in America has a rich history. Please identify the different institutions of the American Criminal Justice System and its subcomponents (all the actors that are included in this subcomponent). In doing so, please discuss when and why each of these subcomponents of the Criminal Justice System emerged in America. Finally, please discuss why do we view it as a "system" and not unique institutions.

Question 3: Describe the trends in overall, violent and property crime rates in the last 50 years. In doing so, please account for the 3 guiding principles outlined by Rosenfeld to assist with the interpretation of crime trends. After describing these trends, please discuss the five explanatory factors discussed by Rosenfeld that are linked to the crime rate changes and apply them to crime trends in the US.

Question 4: The institution of the police has undergone dramatic transformations since its roots in Colonial America. Please discuss the history of the police in America since colonial times. In doing so, please discuss the three different eras of policing, the goals in each era, the tactics used by police in each era, the role of discretion in each era, and the problems associated with each era of policing.

Question 5: Describe one "innovation" or strategy of policing. What does it entail? Is there any empirical evidence to support this strategy in the reduction of crime? What are the limitations to the implementation/success of this strategy?

Question 6: Sentencing is process and a collaborative exercise. What do these statements mean and who affects sentencing decisions? Please provide specific details from your readings and lecture demonstrating how sentencing is affected by EACH of these different entities.