Trompenaar's Research

Trompenaar's (1993) found seven dimensions - concerned with what people do, individualism, time and environment (have been discussed under Hofstede, Kulkhohn and Strodtbeck)

Universalism versus particularism - measures the extent to which people believe that general principles are more, or less, important than unique circumstances and relationships.

Trompennars and Hampden-Turner (1997) identify four main implications of this for international managers, relating to:

a. Contracts
b. The timing of business trips
c. The role of the head office, and
d. Job evaluations and rewards.