The stated problem is: in the postpartum groups of women, how breastfeeding challenges among healthy women are different compare to breastfeeding challenges among women diagnosed with GDM (gestational diabetes mellitus) in the earlier postpartum period.

Thoroughly, critically appraises key components of these research articles that support a solution to nursing practice issue

RigonG.,Vallone,C.,Lucantoni,V.&SignoreF.(2012). Maternal factors pre- and during delivery contribute to gut microbiota shaping in newborns.

Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3417649/

Abstract

Breastfeeding is a significant factor in the developing of neonatal intestine microbiota. The qualitative study was conducted by gathering and analyzing information from different resources about impact of breastfeeding in developing neonatal gut microflora and its impact on children's health outcome. The analysis showed that breastfeeding is the source of Bifidobacterium that prevents developing various diseases in the future such as allergies, obesity, and asthma (Rigon et. al, 2012). In fact, research also founds that the establishment of a "Bifidus flora" is more prevalent among breastfed infants rather among infants who were formula-fed (Rigo et. al, 2012). Formula-feeding causes earlier colonization with Clostridia that might be leading cause in developing of allergies, asthma, and obesity in children (Rigon et.al, 2012).

Stuebe, A., &Bonuck, K. (2011). What predicts intent to breastfeed exclusively?

Breastfeeding knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs in a diverse urban population.

Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/

Abstract

In order to promote children's health, World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for six months. These recommendations are supported by Healthy People 2020. So, "the BINGO and PAIRINGS studies" measured maternal awareness and beliefs which are related to exclusive breastfeeding plans (Stuebe&Bonuck, 2011). This study was conducted by applying quantitative approach. It showed an impact of maternal breastfeeding knowledge and importance of breastfeeding on babies' health outcomes with initiation and continuation of exclusive breastfeeding among population of the low-income women of the rural area of USA. In this study 883 women were interviewed using questions from "the Infant Feeding Practices Study (IFPS) II, a national longitudinal study" ( Stuebe&Bonuck, 2011, para6.). The collected answers were statistically analyzed, and the results were compared with the "IFPS II results" (Infant Feeding Practices Study). The study showed that the stronger the maternal awareness about exclusive breastfeeding and the World Health Organization ( WHO) recommendations about necessity of six-months exclusive breastfeeding, the stronger the prediction that the women would successfully exclusively breastfeed their infants (Stuebe& Bonuck,2011). This study also showed that more women from the studied group disagreed with the statement that "infant formula is as good as breastmilk" versus women from "The IFPS II study" group (Stuebe&Bonuck, 2011). Compared with the IFPS II sample study, the presented study also showed that low-income women from the rural area of USA were more agreed to the statements that breastfeeding prevents ear and respiratory infections, diarrhea, and obesity in infants if the babies are exclusively breastfeed (Stuebe&Bonuck, 2011). Consequently, the public education about necessity of breastfeeding is a key in promoting exclusive prolong breastfeeding among women in the United States.

Victora, G. ,Horta, L., Loret, de Mola ,C., Quevedo, L., Pinheiro,T., &Gigante D.,(2015). Association between breastfeeding and intelligence, educational attainment, and income at 30 years of age: a prospective birth cohort study from Brazil. Retrieved from: http://picn.ucdavis.edu/resources/issues/nna-2015-04.pdf

Abstract

This prospective, population-based quantitative study was conducted in Brazil for 30 years in order to assess relationship between breastfeeding and individual's intellectual level - "intelligence quotient (IQ)" (Victora et. al, 2015). The researchers found that durations of exclusive breastfeeding positively affected individuals' higher IQ level; educational achievement, and financial income (Victora et. al, 2015). Moreover, the results analysis suggested that the higher IQ level led to higher level of income in 72% of cases (Victora et. al, 2015). Consequently, the authors concluded that breastfeeding is strongly associated with individual's higher intelligence level and improvement of intellectual performance (Victora et. al, 2015).