Type of research design: exploratory, descriptive, or causal

Which type of research designâ?" exploratory, descriptive, or causalâ?"is appropriate for the following examples? Explain why.

-The goal of this research is to discover the real nature of the problem and to suggest new possible solutions or new ideas.

-A food manufacturer wants to know the demographics of people who purchase organic foods.

-A firm is considering hiring American celebrity Paris Hilton to endorse its products.

-British Airways would like to test in-flight Internet services on one of its regular flights from New York to Tokyo. The company charges $30 one week and $15 the next week.

-This type of study attempts to discover answers to the following questions: who, what, when, where, or how much.

-A manufacturer investigates whether consumers will buy a new pill that replaces eating a meal.

-Cosmopolitan magazine sends out a cover in selected markets featuring a female model to half of its readers and a cover with a female and male model to the other half of its readers to test differences in purchase response between the two groups.

-A hair-care manufacturer interviews wholesalers, retailers, and customers to determine the potential for a new shampoo package.

-This type of research attempts to capture a population's characteristics by making inference from a sample's characteristics and testing hypotheses.

-On the CBS television show Undercover Boss, top executives disguised as middle level or lower level employees investigate company departments to discover potential issues or problems.