The 12-step model is not intended to be a scientific explanation; it is only a perspective that 12-step organizations have found useful. The process of working the steps is intended to replace self-centeredness with a growing moral consciousness and willingness for self-sacrifice and unselfish constructive action. In 12-step groups, this is known as a spiritual awakening or religious experience.

In 12-step fellowships, "spiritual awakening" is believed to develop, most frequently, slowly over a period of time. The 12-step model spans all ages, races, cultures, beliefs and backgrounds. Each individual is encouraged to adopt a higher power of his or her understanding and then works through each of the 12 steps with a sponsor, a member with more sobriety who has already worked the steps. Members of the 12 step community draw together to share their experience, strength and hope with one another to encourage continued sobriety.