Symbolize the following argument, and test it for validity. If valid, construct a deduction; if invalid, assign truth values that show that the premises can be true while the conclusion is false. Use these letters: D = The drought will continue.; S = We get an early storm.; M = Managers of the ski areas will be happy.; F = There will be great fire danger next year.

There will be a great danger of fire next year only if the drought continues, and it will continue unless we get an early storm. However, if we do get an early storm, the ski area managers will be happy. So if the ski area managers are not happy, it’ll mean that there’s going to be a great danger of fire next year.

For each of the following investigations:

a. Identify the causal hypothesis at issue.

b. Identify what kind of investigation it is.

c. Describe the control and experimental groups.

d. State the difference in effect (or cause) between control and experimental groups.

e. Identify any problems in either the investigation or the report of it, including but not necessarily limited to uncontrolled variables.

f. State the conclusion you think is warranted by the report.