Simplify the open system energy balance equation for each of the following cases:

(a)   Steam enters a rotary turbine and turns a shaft connected to a generator.  The inlet and outlet steam ports are at the same height.  Some energy is lost to the surroundings as heat.

(b) A liquid stream is heated from 250C to 800C.  The inlet and outlet pipes have the same diameter, and there is no change in elevation between these points.

(c)   Crude oil is pumped through a cross-country pipeline. The pipe inlet is 200 m higher than the outlet, the pipe diameter is constant, and the pump is located near the midpoint of the pipeline.  Heat generated by friction in the line is lost through the wall.

(d) Milk is flowing through a heat exchanger at a rate of 2000 kg/hr.  The heat exchanger supplies 111,600 kJ/hr