Scientific management originated in the early 1900s. It is the first type of management theory used (GCU 2013). With this theory, productivity increases profit for the organization. Participative decision occured in the 1920s when workers were tired with having no voice.

They were dissatisfied with their type and level of work which affected productivity. "Management is focused on task accomplishment..." (Huber 214). Four elements are involved in management. These four elements include planning, organizing, coordinating and controlling. Planning includes long and short term objectives. Organizing collects and configures resources. Coordinating directs and controlling monitors and adjusts.

The routine use of heparin injects in the hospital and other facilities is a scientific management theory that nurses follow automatically because it is ordered by a doctor. Heparin reduces the risk for blood clots by inhibiting factor X. Almost every hospitalized patient receives sub-q heparin on a regular schedule at the hospital. But not every patient needs heparin. Heparin can cause unnecessary pain and bruising in the patient that does not require heparin shots. Each patient should be assessed prior to giving heparin.

Using critical thinking, the patient can be assessed according to the situation. Is the patient bed bound? Does the patient ambulate? If the patient is ambulatory and does not pose a risk for blood clots such as previous ischemic stroke or current smoker, then the patient may not need heparin shots. Does the patient use other DVT prevention methods such as sequential compression devices for their legs? If so, the risk is low and the patient should not automatically receive heparin shots.

Where I work, we have a Unit Councel that chooses volunteer nurses to sit and participate with a board of administrators in order to make collective choices and decisions about current practices. For example, we lacked an adequate break room on Pediatrics and had to share the break room with Post Partum.

This showed a loss of productivity by increasing the amount of time to travel to Post Partum for a break lessening the time spent with patients. This also increased stress in the nursing staff because sometimes we were unable to take breaks because of the travel. Volunteer nurses from my unit brought up this important subject during a unit councel meeting which resulted in Pediatrics now having an adequate break room.

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