Sarah Gramling, an expert in the use of explosives, obtained a city permit to level a ten-story building in the center of town by implosion. The explosives were placed carefully throughout the structure so that it would collapse inwardly and leave a heap of rubble on the site. Unfortunately, for unknown rea- sons, one charge on the third floor caused fragments of brick, concrete, and glass to fly outward. As a re- sult, extensive and costly damage was done to plate glass in nearby buildings and to parked automobiles in the vicinity. There were also personal injuries. Is Gramling liable, even though she acted with a city permit and there was no evidence or claim of negligence?

If Sarah Gramling is liable, what types of damages will she have to pay? Why does the hypothetical not satisfy the elements of negligence?