Sam, a new police officer, was criticized by his supervisor forfailing to make a sufficient number of arrests. Sam went into asection of town known for criminal activity, picked up severalsuspicious looking individuals, read them the Mirandarights, and arrested them hoping that they would confess tosomething. Alice, one of the detainees, was scared; and, hoping tocut a deal, immediately confessed to burglarizing a local pawnshop. Which of the following is Alice's best defense at trial?

That the officer failed to have probable cause to make thearrest.That the officer violated her First Amendment rights.That the officer failed to obtain a form signed by Aliceverifying that she understood the Miranda rights asread.That the officer failed to satisfy the burden of proof.That a confession prior to an initial appearance isinvalid.