Review the Investigating Life feature. In conditions of such fierce competition for cuttlefish mates, why hasn't natural selection eliminated small males that are not able to win head-to-head competitions with larger males?

a. Small males that slip by guarding males are able to occasionally sire offspring.

b. Large males often fight each other to the death, leaving most of the mating opportunities open to small males.

c. While small males can gain access to females, large males will detect the small males and flush out their sperm.

d. Females actually prefer to mate with smaller males and flush out the sperm that large males have deposited.