Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism, and determine whether it is valid.

None of the southern provinces of Spain were outside the control of the Moors before the end of the fifteenth century. So all the provinces of Andalucia must have been within Moorish control, because all of them are southern provinces.

For each of the following investigations:

a. Identify the causal hypothesis at issue.

b. Identify what kind of investigation it is.

c. Describe the control and experimental groups.

d. State the difference in effect (or cause) between control and experimental groups.

e. Identify any problems in either the investigation or the report of it, including but not necessarily limited to uncontrolled variables.

f. State the conclusion you think is warranted by the report.