Questions: 1. Gestalt psychology emphasizes. Options:

observable, objective reactions.

the introspective technique.

emotional causes of behavior.

the basic human tendency to organize our perceptions.

2. Suppose that you are writing a paper about cognitive processes in people who are depressed. Which of the following topics would be most relevant for your paper? Options:

Observations of social interactions between people with depression.

The effects of vitamin supplements on the activity level of people with depression.

The ability to remember people's names of people with depression.

The relationship between childhood experiences and current adjustment in people with depression.

3. John is reading his Cognitive Psychology textbook. He notices that his stomach is grumbling, but he thinks, "I will finish this section of the chapter and then go to lunch." John's thought illustrates the cognitive process of _______. Options:

pattern recognition.

memory.

imagery.

decision making.

4. Which of the following statements is correct? Options:

A reflex such as a knee-jerk reflex is an example of cognition.

Cognition refers to the acquisition and retrieval of knowledge, but not the use of that knowledge.

"Cognitive psychology" is sometimes used as a synonym for "cognition.

"Cognitive psychology emphasizes mental processes that are easily observable.

5. A cognitive psychologist who analyzes a cognitive task in terms of a series of stages-like the way a computer operates-is using which of the following approaches? Options:

the information-processing approach

the introspection approach

the gestalt approach

the parallel distributed processing approach

6. Suppose that you meet a professor who is trying to determine what portions of the brain are involved in trying to recall a word that is on the tip of your tongue. This person is likely to use the approach of options:

artificial intelligence.

cognitive neuroscience.

gestalt psychology

behaviorism.

7. One component of your general knowledge focuses on semantic memory. Which of the following would be an example of semantic memory? Options:

your ability to create a mental image

your ability to add several three-digit numbers together

a strategy you use to memorize important material for a test

your knowledge that the word "bear" is similar to the word "lion"

8. Suppose that you look up from this exam, and you immediately perceive a scene that includes students, desks, and classroom walls. In order to perceive it quickly, you are probably using, options:

serial processing.

parallel processing.

ecological validity.

metacognition.

9. An operational definition is most likely to, options:

describe precisely how the researchers will measure a particular concept.

examine the correlation between two well-established variables.

point out alternative explanations for the results of a study.

adopt an information-processing approach, rather than a behaviorist approach.

10. An important feature of cognitive science is that it emphasizes, options:

individual differences in cognition.

an interdisciplinary approach.

that all mental processes should be explained in biological terms.

that researchers should focus on personality characteristics.

11. Which of the following early approaches to psychology developed the idea of insight when people solve problems? options:

introspectionism

the gestalt approach

behaviorism Ebbinghaus and his followers

12. Which of the following statements best captures the scope of cognition? Options:

Cognition includes every internal experience that humans have.

We use cognition when we acquire, store, transform, and use knowledge.

Cognition primarily emphasizes higher mental processes, such as problem solving and decision making.

Cognition is more concerned with visible actions, such as motor activities, than with activities that cannot be seen by an outside observer.

13. According to the discussion in this unit's reading, behaviorism places the most emphasis on, options:

interpersonal relationships.

observable activities.

unconscious emotions.

mental processes.

14. Some researchers believe that the human brain works like a complex, sophisticated machine. This approach is called, options:

the gestalt approach.

the analogy approach.

the computer metaphor.

the lesion approach.

15. Chapter 1 of your textbook ends with a discussion about the five themes of this book. According to this discussion, options:

cognition is generally not very accurate.

cognition typically emphasizes both top-down and bottom-up processing.

children typically emphasize top-down processing, but adults typically emphasize bottom-up processing.

cognition is typically more accurate for negative information than for positive information.

16. This unit's reading discusses the status of cognitive psychology. According to this discussion, the cognitive approach, options:

primarily emphasizes our unconscious thoughts.

can explain a major part of your daily experiences.

is prominent within social psychology, but it has not yet been applied to biological areas of psychology

.has had surprisingly little connection with clinical psychology.

17. Which of the following research topics would be most likely to interest a behaviorist? Options:

The effect of parents' marital satisfaction on children's nightmares.

The effect of praise on children's running speed.

Individual differences in verbal ability.

The relationship between the true size of an object and its size as represented in a mental image.

18. In contrast to a PET scan, the fMRI technique, options:

requires an injection of a radioactive chemical.

provides more precise information when measuring a series of events in the brain.

causes transient brain lesions.

involves placing electrodes on a person's scalp.

19. According to this unit's reading, the artificial intelligence (AI) approach, options:

creates computer models that demonstrate intelligent behavior.

emphasizes that humans possess a central processing mechanism that has unlimited capacity.

is currently too vague and nonspecific to be tested.

focuses on the development of cognitive abilities during childhood.

20. When researchers use the introspection technique, options:

people report their sensations as accurately as possible.

people report their experiences in a spontaneous, unsystematic fashion.

the researchers observe how people respond to learning tasks.

the researchers encourage people to interpret their reactions to selected stimuli.