Question

(a) Risks of corruption are repeatedly linked to lack of transparency, which in turn can lead to conflicting distribution of information to bidders. Explain 4 examples of the different stages of a procurement method whereby transparency is important.

(b) Transparency is essential in public procurement but it is not the only condition to ensure integrity throughout procurement process. The professionalism of procurement officers is also necessary for good management and prevention of misconduct, fulfilment and monitoring.

Describe why professionalism of procurement officers is essential.

(c) Name 3 typical risks in tendering process and explain how we can mitigate these risks?