QUESTION1: Which of the following barriers to problem solving is defined as an availability heuristic?

preferring information that confirms preexisting positions or beliefs, while ignoring or discounting contradictory evidence

judging the likelihood or probability of an event based on how readily available the other instances of the event are in memory

persisting in using problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past rather than trying new ones

tendency to think of an object functioning only in its usual or customary way

QUESTION 2: Which type of intelligence declines over the life span?

fluid intelligence

naturalistic intelligence

crystallized intelligence

interpersonal intelligence

QUESTION 3: In order for any test to be scientifically acceptable it should meet three basic requirements: standardization, reliability, and validity. Which of the following defines reliability?

a measure of the stability of test scores over time when test is given to the same person at different times using test-retest or split-half method

predicts human behavior in different circumstances in order to determine its truthfulness

giving a test to a large number of people to develop the norms for the test and ensuring the procedures for administering the test are formalized so that all people who administer the test do so in exactly the same way

refers to how well the test measures what it is intended to measure to understand the underlying psychological construct

QUESTION 4: Which parenting style helps children to become high achieving, self-reliant, well-adjusted, and socially competent?

authoritarian

permissive neglectful

authoritative

permissive-indulgent

QUESTION 5: In Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, the reflection on the past, acceptance of and satisfaction with life is dependent upon successfully resolving which of the following challenges?

ego integrity vs. despair

generativity vs. stagnation

intimacy vs. isolation

identity vs. role confusion

QUESTION 6: In Kohlberg's theory, which of the following stages of moral development is characterized by obeying the rules based on reciprocity in obtaining rewards?

instrumental-exchange orientation

social-contract orientation

good-child orientation

punishment-obedience orientation

QUESTION 7: Which theory of aging postulates that a natural decrease of social contacts occurs because older adults prefer valuable and meaningful interactions with significant others?

cognitive-emotional selectivity theory of aging

socioemotional selectivity theory of aging

disengagement theory of aging

activity theory of aging

QUESTION 8: Social learning theory suggests that learning gender roles is

a passive process

a mediation process

a self-reflection process

an active process

QUESTION 9: According to a drive reduction theory of motivation,

level of arousal determines our performance in satisfying needs

internal factors push people in certain directions to satisfy their needs

external factors pull people in certain directions to satisfy their needs

attributions and expectancies determine our motivation to satisfy needs

QUESTION 10: Which of the eating disorders is characterized by consumption of large quantities of food, vomiting, purging, and excessive exercise?

Binge eating disorder

Anorexia nervosa

obesity disorder

Bulimia nervosa

QUESTION 11: Schatcher and Singer theory of emotions postulates that

physiological arousal and emotion occur simultaneously when thalamus sends message to the cerebral cortex and autonomic nervous system

movements of facial muscles produce or intensify our subjective experience of emotions

emotion depends of physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of that arousal

 subjective experience of emotion results from physiological arousal that precedes it

QUESTION 12: Which of the following is the CORRECT order of events in the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?

Perception of event - perception of body response - emotion

Perception of event and emotion simultaneously - body response

Perception of event - physiological response and emotionsimultaneously

Perception of event - emotion - body response

QUESTION 13: Which of the defense mechanisms is characterized by not recognizing own unacceptable impulses and overemphasizing their opposite?

projection

reaction formation

displacement

denial

QUESTION 14: In Rogers theory of personality, adjustment is the result of

acceptance of self with no contingencies attached

incongruence between self-concept and life experiences

an incompatibility between self-concept and self-esteem

congruence between self-concept and life experiences

QUESTION 15: Anxiety disorders include

phobias, panic attacks, selective mutism

delusions and hallucinations

fatigue, sadness, insomnia

grandiosity, rush of energy, distractability

QUESTION 16: Someone who experiences grandiosity, excessive talking, racing thoughts, and agitation has a

manic episode

attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder

psychotic episode

manic-depressive syndrome

QUESTION 17: Symptoms of schizophrenia spectrum disorders include

hypomania, agitation, insomnia, irrational investments, and inattention

dissociation, depersonalization,derealization, and obsessive thoughts

hallucinations, delusion, catalepsy, unusual mannerisms, and social withdrawal

avoidance, irritability, startle response, anhedonia, and amnesia

QUESTION 18: Which disorder has the symptoms of sadness, fatigue, loss of interest, feelings of worthlessness, guilt, indecisiveness?

personality disorder

dissociative disorder

bipolar disorder

depressive disorder

QUESTION 19: Which thinking patterns that underlie some disorders are changed with cognitive-behavioral therapy?

rationalization, repression, dissociation

task shifting, prioritizing, flattening

magnification, overgeneralization, selective perception

compulsion, racing thoughts, referencing

QUESTION 20: Bipolar disorder is best treated with

neuroleptics

mood stabilizers

anxiolytics

antidepressants