Question: The theoretical roots of the concept "lift" as described in your text go back to positive psychology and positive organizational studies, two approaches that have only recently emerged in these academic disciplines. What distinguishes these newer approaches in psychology and organizational studies?

a) these new approaches are normative, rather than descriptive

b) these newer approaches are descriptive, rather than normative

c) these newer approaches are focused on studying problematic behavior and negative outcomes and finding their causes

d) these newer approaches are focused on studying positive outcomes and behaviors and finding their causes

e) these newer approaches rely more on anecdotes than on empirical studies.