Question: It is not unusual for even large corporate boards to have no women or minorities on them. In the United States, women held 19 percent of board seats at Fortune 500 companies in 2012. In her book, Lean In, Sheryl Sandberg points out that this number has been flat for 10 years-or, as she puts it, there has been no progress in the past 10 years.60 In Europe, of the total number of board members in Britain, only 12 percent were women; Spain, France, and Germany all had less than 10 percent. In Norway, by contrast, female members comprised nearly 40 percent of the boards. So how did Norway do it? In 2003, the government of Norway gave public firms two years to change their boards' composition from 9 percent female to 40 percent female. Is this a good idea? Spain, Italy, France, and the Netherlands must think so: Each country is implementing a similar system. Most recently Germany passed a law requiring that by 2017, 30 percent of non-executive board of director seats of their largest firms be held by women.

1. Discuss in your group to what extent it is a problem that women are proportionally underrepresented on corporate boards. Provide the rationale for your responses.

2. Why has representation by women on U.S. boards not increased over the past 10 years? What actions could be taken by companies to increase participation? What actions could be taken by women who seek to be directors?

3. Would a regulatory quota be a good solution? Why or why not?

4. What other methods could be used to increase female and minority participation on corporate boards? Should it be perceived as a problem when a company seeks minority women as directors so that both statistics rise? What data would you gather in order to verify that such appointments are appropriate?