Question 1 

Patterned social arrangements that have an enabling or constraining effect on agency are referred to as:

Structure

Institutions

Free will

Socialization

Question 2 

_____ is considered the first female sociologist and argued that injustices such as slavery and women's inequality stunted a society's moral development.

Auguste Comte

Émile Durkheim

Karl Marx

Harriet Martineau

Question 3 

Formal organizations characterized by written rules, hierarchical authority, and a paid staff, intended to promote organizational efficiency, are referred to as:

Institutions

Universities

Bureaucracies

Government

Question 4 

The relationship between agency and structure is _____, as ______.

one-sided, agency influences structure

one-sided, structure enables or constrains agency

reciprocal, they both have an effect on one another

nonexistent, there is no relationship between the two

Question 5 

Accepted social behaviors and beliefs are referred to as:

Norms

Culture

Social status

Values

Question 6 

The bonds that unite the members of a social group is referred to as:

Culture

Social solidarity

Norms

Societal unity

Question 7 

_____ believed that nearly all known societies are characterized by some system of division by economic class, which results in conflict as classes compete for wealth, power, and resources.

Auguste Comte

Émile Durkheim

Karl Marx

Harriet Martineau

Question 8 

The ability to evaluate claims about truth by using reason and evidence is referred to as:

Critical thinking

Sociological imagination

Scientific reasoning

Logical thought

Question 9 

The ability of individuals and groups to exercise free will and to make social change is referred to as:

Structure

Agency

Free choice

Individualism

Question 10 

A researcher finds that as income increases, square footage of respondent's home also increases. This is an example of:

Positive correlation

Positive causation

Negative correlation

Increasatory relationship

Question 11 

A variable is defined as:

The description of a relationship

A phenomena that is constantly changing

A term used to summarize a set of phenomena

A concept that can take on two or more possible values

Question 12 

A _____ relationship is one in which one variable is the cause of another variable.

Correlated

Causal

Positive

Statistical

Question 13 

The degree to which two or more variables are associated with one another is referred to as:

Causation

Statistical relationship

Correlation

Frequency

Question 14 

_____ reasoning starts from specific data and tries to identify larger patterns from which to derive more general theories.

Logical

Inductive

Ground-level

Deductive

Question 15 

A researcher finds that as years spent driving increases, the number of accidents decreases. This is an example of:

Negative causation

Negative correlation

Positive correlation

Decreasing relationship

Question 16 

The term used to summarize a set of phenomena is:

Definition

Concept

Operationalization

Pattern

Question 17 

The repetition of a previous study using a different sample or population to verify or refute the original findings is referred to as:

Verification

Replication

Validation

Reliability

Question 18 

A culture that exists together with a dominant culture but differs from it in some important respects is referred to as:

Ethnicity

Subculture

Counterculture

Subgroup

Question 19 

The ability of a local culture to absorb outside influences that fit in and enrich their culture while resisting those that are alien is known as:

Staying power

Grobalization

Glocalization

Globalization

Question 20 

The beliefs, norms, behaviors, and products common to the members of a particular group are referred to as:

Ethnicity

Culture

Society

Class

Question 21 

Powerful mores, the violation of which is considered serious and even unthinkable, are referred to as:

Criminal laws

Commandments

Taboos

Fundamental values

Question 22 

Cultural representations of social realities are referred to as:

Images

Symbols

Trademarks

Ethnographies

Question 23 

The worldview whereby we judge other cultures by the standards of our own is referred to as:

Patriotism

Nationalism

Ethnocentrism

Multiculturalism

Question 24 

Particular ideas that people accept as true are referred to as:

Religion

Cultural norms

Values

Beliefs

Question 25 

Abstract and general standards in society that define ideal principles such as right and wrong are referred to as:

Laws

Public opinions

Religious beliefs

Values