Question 1

If memory is required over a short interval, which type of practice is superior?

Question 1 options:
Spaced practice
Massed practice
Intermittent practice
Rehearsal practice
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Question 2

Where long-term retention is concerned, which type of practice is superior?

Question 2 options:
Spaced practice
Massed practice
Intermittent practice
Rehearsal practice
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Question 3

One theory explaining why the distributed-processing effect works states that the spacing between repetitions facilitates memory by increasing the likelihood that each occurrence of a repeated item is stored in a different way in memory. This is called

Question 3 options:
Study-Phase Retrieval Accounts
Deficient-Processing Accounts
Encoding-Variability Accounts
Multiprocess Accounts
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Question 4

Most mnemonic procedures utilize three memory processes. Which of the follow is NOT one of these?

Question 4 options:
Imaging
Symbolizing
Organizing
Associating
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Question 5

What types of mnemonics are designed to help remember rules, principles, and procedures?

Question 5 options:
Keyword mnemonics
Peg word mnemonics
Link mnemonics
Process mnemonics
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Question 6

When information comes into one sensory system (e.g., audition) and produces an effect in another sensory system (e.g., vision), this is called

Question 6 options:
Schizophrenia
The "S mnemonic"
Cross-modal transfer
Synesthesia
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Question 7

According to Ericsson and his colleagues, which of the following is NOT one of the three general principles for exceptional memory?

Question 7 options:
Source memory encoding
Meaningful encoding
Retrieval structure
Speedup
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Question 8

If a person cannot recall a word, but is able to retrieve some information about the word (e.g., the first letter, the number of syllables, etc.), this is called the _____ phenomenon.

Question 8 options:
Pseudo-amnesia
Tip-of-the-tongue
Edge-of-consciousness
Nearly-known
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Question 9

The paradigm wherein a person is asked to judge whether two visually presented stimuli (e.g., letters or three-dimensional shapes) are identical or mirror reflections of each other is called

Question 9 options:
Mental scanning
Mental rotation
Imagery effect
Picture superiority effect
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Question 10

The hypothesized existence of separate but interconnected verbal and imaginal systems is termed

Question 10 options:
Verbal-imagery hypothesis
Memory-retrieval hypothesis
Multiple-processing hypothesis
Dual-coding hypothesis
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Question 11

Pavio's Dual Coding theory is consistent with which of the following theories?

Question 11 options:
Baddley and Hitch's working memory theory
Skinner's behavioral theory
Craik and Tulvings levels theory
Miller's magic number theory
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Question 12

Sometimes people get lost when returning from a destination. The environment looks different coming and going. This can be explained by

Question 12 options:
Euclidean memory
Survey memory
Orientation dependence
Spatial reference systems
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Question 13

Spatial knowledge is stored in the brain

Question 13 options:
Hierarchically
Neuronally
Spatially
Intrinsically
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Question 14

Speakers of Western languages tend to preserve _____ spatial relationships when reproducing a pattern from the opposite side.

Question 14 options:
Egocentric
Environmental
Isotonic
Bilateral
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Question 15

Recent experiments have shown that _____ perform better than ____ on tasks that require memory of the locations and identities of objects

Question 15 options:
Males; females
Females; males
Dogs; cats
Cats; dogs
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Question 16

Recent experiments have shown that _____ perform better than _____ on tasks that require keeping track of orientation in large-scale environments.

Question 16 options:
Males; females
Females; males
Dogs; cats
Cats; dogs
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Question 17

When you walk into a classroom and see chairs, desks, and a computer at the front of the classroom, chances are you will go sit in a chair and face the front of the classroom while waiting for the class to start, even though you have never seen this particular classroom. The reason you do this is because you have a _____ of a classroom.

Question 17 options:
Category
Concept
Representation
Image
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Question 18

Categories are not as neat and obvious as they seem. Many items are thought to be either barely part of, or barely not part of, category. These borderline items illustrate the concept of

Question 18 options:
Psychological Categories
Almost-there Categories
Borderline Categories
Fuzzy Categories
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Question 19

A category prototype is a(n) _____ member of a category.

Question 19 options:
Borderline
Incidental
Typical
Atypical
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Question 20

The family resemblance theory would predict that which of the following would be called to mind most quickly when the category "bird" is primed?

Question 20 options:
Penguin
Ostrich
Ostrich
Robin
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Question 21

In terms of categorization, people generally have a preference for the _____ level when referring to an object.

Question 21 options:
Superordinate
Basic
Subordinate
Nominal
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Question 22

_____ categories are especially difficult for young children to fully acquire.

Question 22 options:
Superordinate
Basic
Subordinate
Nominal
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Question 23

Experts in a field often prefer using _____ categories.

Question 23 options:
Superordinate
Basic
Subordinate
Nominal
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Question 24

The theory that states that concepts are represented as a set of weighted features is the

Question 24 options:
Representativeness theory
Exemplar theory
Prototype theory
Weighted features theory
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Question 25

The theory that states that concepts are represented by many examples is the

Question 25 options:
Representativeness theory
Exemplar theory
Prototype theory
Weighted features theory
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Question 26

Psychological essentialism tends NOT to apply to which of the following

Question 26 options:
Animals
Artifacts
Minerals
Plants
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Question 27

Which of the following is an example of the birth of a new language, created by children?

Question 27 options:
Haitian Sign Language
Nicaraguan Sign Language
Columbian Sign Language
American Sign Language
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Question 28

When interlocutors share a set of knowledge, this is referred to as

Question 28 options:
Common ground
Typical features
General knowledge
Common knowledge
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Question 29

More than 90% of conversations occur in groups of ____ individuals or fewer.

Question 29 options:
6
5
4
3
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Question 30

In language, when one concept reminds us of another related concept, this is called

Question 30 options:
Priming
Associating
Relating
Connecting
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Question 31

When naturally occurring conversations are observed, about _____ % turns out to be gossip.

Question 31 options:
20
40
60
80
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Question 32

Stereotypes are part of the _____ people share.

Question 32 options:
Common ground
Typical features
General knowledge
Common knowledge
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Question 33

Lyubomirsky, Sousa, and Dickerhoof (2006) found that when people write and talk about negative past life events, their psychological well-being _____; when thinking about negative past events, their psychological well-being _____.

Question 33 options:
Increased; increased
Decreased; decreased
Increased; decreased
Decreased; increased
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Question 34 Language _____ thought.

Question 34 options:
Determines
Influences
Predicts
Belies
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Question 35

Cultures that often drop the pronoun in sentences tend to be more _____ in nature.

Question 35 options:
Pre-lingual
Indigenous
Individualistic
Collectivist
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Question 36 (

The ability to draw upon several sources of information and use all of these sources of information to analyze a concept is known as ______.

Question 36 options:
Working memory
Cognition
Executive function
Information processing
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Question 37

Many things influence our cognitive processes. For example, it has been found that a person's _____ influences his/her assessment of his/her medical symptoms.

Question 37 options:
Location
Age
Mood
IQ
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Question 38

The way that information is acquired, stored, and analyzed depends on the content of that information. This is referred to as

Question 38 options:
Domain specificity
Content specificity
Spatial specificity
Local specificity
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Question 39

People with damage to the ______ cortex often show impaired judgment in the form of terrible decisions (e.g., bad financial decisions).

Question 39 options:
Temporal
Occipital
Prefrontal
Parietal
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Question 40

Most IQ tests include a number of different items designed to test distinct intellectual abilities. Which of the following is not likely to be on an IQ test?

Question 40 options:
Items testing verbal ability
Items testing visual ability
Items testing auditory abilities
Items testing working memory
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Question 41

IQ tests are a good predictor of

Question 41 options:
Work performance
Military performance
School performance
Conversational ability
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Question 42

Which of the following is NOT an aspect of Sternberg's "triarchic" theory of intelligence?

Question 42 options:
IQ
Analytic
Creative
Practical
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Question 43

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences proposes that there are at least _____ separate abilities.

Question 43 options:
8
6
4
2
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Question 44

Intelligence is largely determined by ______.

Question 44 options:
Environment
Genetic makeup
Both environment and genetic makeup
Unknown factors
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Question 45

Human beings try to make rational decisions, but our cognitive limitations prevent us from being fully rational. This is called

Question 45 options:
Constraints on rationality
Irrationality
Limited rationality
Bounded rationality
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Question 46

Biases wherein we rely on rules of thumb to make decisions are called

Question 46 options:
Alternative decisions
Heuristics
Biased Decisions
Flawed reasoning processes
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Question 47 (

We are influenced by the way a question is worded. This is called

Question 47 options:
Anchoring
Availability
Representativeness
Framing
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Question 48

Stanovich and West believe that the way we can fix our biases is to use _____ when making big decisions.

Question 48 options:
System 1
System 2
System 3
System 4
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Question 49

Young babies actively choose to attend more to some things and less to others. For example, one-month-old babies have a preference for looking at

Question 49 options:
Women's faces
Their mother's face
A breast
Scenery (e.g., mountains)
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Question 50

When cognitive growth in childhood involves qualitative changes, we say that development is

Question 50 options:
Continuous
Discontinuous
Orderly
Progressive
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Question 51

When cognitive growth in childhood involves quantitative changes, we say that development is

Question 51 options:
Continuous
Discontinuous
Orderly
Progressive
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Question 52

Piaget's theory was one of _____ change.

Question 52 options:
Continuous
Discontinuous
Orderly
Progressive
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Question 53

Piaget contended that children _____ months of age and under would not reach for an object that has been taken away and hidden, because the child does not remember that the object continues to exist.

Question 53 options:
11
9
7
5
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Question 54

Children only focus on one dimension of an object (such as only its height, disregarding its width) when they are in the

Question 54 options:
Formal operations stage
Concrete operations stage
Preoperational stage
Sensorimotor stage
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Question 55

What is the most probable explanation of the fact that children from low-income backgrounds lag far behind children from more affluent backgrounds in mathematical knowledge before kindergarten?

Question 55 options:
Genetic differences
Lack of nutrition
Lack of exposure to numerical games
Lack of interest in numbers
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Question 56

The theories of aging that highlight the effects of social expectations and the normative timing of life events and social roles is called

Question 56 options:
Inter-individual theories
Longitudinal theories
Life span theories
Life course theories
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Question 57

As people age, their _____ fares better than their _____.

Question 57 options:
Working memory; processing speed
Processing speed; working memory
Recall memory; recognition memory
Recognition memory; recall memory
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Question 58

Older workers tend to develop more efficient strategies and rely on _____ to compensate for cognitive decline.

Question 58 options:
Expertise
Friends and relatives
Technology
Working memory
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Question 59

An individual's perception and evaluation of his/her own aging and identification with an age group is called

Question 59 options:
Subjective aging
Age identity
Objective aging
Perceived aging
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Question 60

The idea that the social connections that people accumulate are held together by exchanges in social support (e.g., tangible and emotional) is called the

Question 60 options:
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
Convoy Model of Social Relations
Social Exchange Theory
Meaningful Connections Theory
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Question 61

Research suggests that global well-being is highest in _____ and _____ adulthood.

Question 61 options:
Adolescence; Early
Early; middle
Middle; late
Early; late
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Question 62

Evidence from twin studies suggests that genes account for about ____% of the variance in human life spans.

Question 62 options:
25
50
75
90
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Question 63

This class has been

Question 63 options:
fun!
interesting!
informative!
all of the above!
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