Question 1: Which one of the following statements regarding rock deformation and strength is correct?

Brittle and ductile deformation occurs when stresses exceed the elastic limit of a material.

Rocks undergo ductile deformation less readily as temperatures and pressures increase.

Elastic deformation is accomplished through internal flow of material.

When rocks are subjected to stress for long periods, very small, ductile deformations accumulate to produce large, permanent, elastic deformations.

Question 2: A reverse fault is one in which _____.

one block has moved up, while the other has moved horizontally.

both blocks have moved horizontally away from each other.

the hanging wall has moved up relative to the footwall.

None of the above

Question 3: Horizontally directed, compressive stress will result in ________ within a sequence of flat-lying sedimentary rocks.

folding

melting

horsts and grabens

hyperextension

Question 4: Which of the following is not true of an anticline?

The limbs dip away from the axis.

When eroded, the youngest rocks are exposed in the center.

It will share a limb with an adjacent syncline.

It forms as a response to compressive stress.

Question 5: A circular outcrop pattern with the youngest rocks in the center is a _____.

structural dome

plunging anticline

structural basin

monocline

Question 6: As faults move, they crush and pulverize the rocks on the opposing blocks. This ground up rock is called _____.

fault grus

slickensides

fault gouge

alluvium

Question 7: The Black Hills of South Dakota are formed on _____.

an eroded syncline with a core of sedimentary rocks

a large horst eroded by Pleistocene glacial outwash streams

a topographic basin filled with thick sequences of coal

an eroded structural dome with a core of crystalline rocks

Question 8: Which of the following are not joints?

Fractures formed by tensional stress and in which one side has moved up relative to the other.

Cracks formed by shrinkage within a cooling lava flow.

Fractures formed within a granite by expansion due to removal of overlying rocks.

Sets of parallel fractures formed by flexure of the crustal rocks.

Question 9: Which of the following would not be a characteristic of the San Andreas fault zone?

sag ponds

deformed and broken bedrock

offset stream channels

steep, near vertical, dip-slip fault scarps

Question 10: The most common type of faulting associated with convergent boundaries is _____.

normal faulting

strike-slip faulting

thrust faulting

elastic faulting

Question 11: The point at which an earthquake originates is called the _____.

focus

epicenter

eye

breaking point

Question 12: Which of the following is correct?

P and S waves travel through liquids, but P waves will not propagate through solids.

P waves travel only through liquids and S waves travel only through solids.

P and S waves travel through solids, but P waves do not propagate through liquids.

P waves travel through liquids, but S waves do not.

Question 13: An earthquake occurs when _____.

strain builds up and is released in elastic rebound

faults slip continually while under stress

rocks at great depth exhibit ductile deformation under great pressure

sediments liquefy under stress

Question 14: A minimum of ____ seismic stations is necessary to locate the source of an earthquake.

2

5

3

10

Question 15: The most damaging earthquakes _____.

are deep focus

result from ductile deformation

are shallow focus

along faults across the mid-ocean ridges

Question 16: Why was the Marina District, San Francisco, heavily damaged in the 1906 and 1989 quakes?

Liquefaction and foundation failures were common.

The epicenters of both quakes were right under the district.

Shaking was no worse than elsewhere in the city, but the district burned following both quakes.

The area is built on solid rock, which caused the seismic waves to be amplified.

Question 17: On the Richter Scale, a magnitude 6 earthquake has ____ times more energy than a magnitude 5.

10

1,000

32

2

Question 18: The _______ Intensity Scale is a measure of the damage and effects caused by an earthquake.

Mercalli

Richter

Pasteur

Ralston

Question 19: Seismic gaps are _____.

unusually quiet zones along known active faults

segments of active faults with creep rates of up to 2 cm per year

areas of no faulting, bounded by areas of faulting

inactive faults associated with water gaps

Question 20: Which of the following is not a possible effect of an earthquake?

landslides

fires

tsunami

hydrolysis

Question 21: The complete picture of the composition and layers of the Earth's interior has been determined by _____.

the exclusive study of rocks at the Earth's surface

the study of the behavior of seismic waves

deep Earth drilling projects

the study of distant proto-planets

Question 22: Seismic waves will ___________ when they encounter plastic material.

speed up

travel straight paths

disappear

slow down

Question 23: The thickest continental crust is found

under mountain ranges

in the center of the cratons

under the deep ocean

in areas of extension

Question 24: The inner core is ______; while the outer core is _______.

liquid; solid

nickel/iron; silica/calcium

solid; liquid

cool; hot

Question 25: The _______ of the Earth does not transmit S waves.

outer mantle

inner crust

outer core

deep mantle

Question 26: The _______ is the seismic discontinuity that forms the boundary between the crust and the mantle.

Benioff zone

Moho

"D" Layer

Mata

Question 27: The _______ of the Earth did not exist early in Earth's history.

inner core

outer core

crust

lower mantle

Question 28: The upper mantle is probably the rock _________.

peridotite

granite

pegmatite

greenschist

Question 29: The profile of Earth's temperature with depth is the _____.

conductivity curve

Mohorovicic Plasticity Scale

hypothermal gradient

geothermal gradient

Question 30: The Earth's magnetic field originates by __________.

weak electrical currents associated with hot, rising, mantle plumes

magnetic minerals grains in the inner core

weak electrical currents associated with fluid motions in the outer core

magnetization of oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the atmospheric ozone layer by solar radiation