QUESTION 1. Which of the following statements about research on emotions is true?

The relationship between emotion and cognition is bidirectional.

Emotions are unrelated to either attention or memory.

Older children express their emotions more freely and openly than younger children.

It is almost impossible to control one s own emotional expressions.

QUESTION 2. Depressed mothers

generally use consistent discipline techniques.

engage in emotionally positive, responsive caregiving.

rarely respond favorably to antidepressant medication.

view their children more negatively than independent observers do.

QUESTION 3. Erica has confidence in her own ability to control events in her surroundings. Erica has developed

a sense of self-efficacy.

emotional self-regulation.

joint attention.

effortful control.

QUESTION 4. __________ are universal in humans and other primates and have a long evolutionary history of promoting survival.

Separation and stranger anxiety

Feelings of pride and envy

Basic emotions

Feelings of guilt and shame

QUESTION 5. In infants, expressions of _______ are less common than expressions of __________.

fear; sadness

happiness; sadness

sadness; anger

anger; shame

QUESTION 6. Joshua, who is a friendly baby, begins showing signs of fear at about 8 months whenever an unfamiliar person enters the room. Joshua is exhibiting

stranger anxiety.

insecure attachment.

separation anxiety.

avoidant attachment.

QUESTION 7. Which of the following is a self-conscious emotion?

guilt

anger

fear

happiness

QUESTION 8. Preschoolers are able to

recognize that people can experience more than one emotion at a time.

pick up strategies for regulating emotions by watching adults handle their own feelings.

give coherent explanations of emotions that emphasize internal states.

consider conflicting cues when explaining the emotions of others.

QUESTION 9. When alone, Kajsa abbreviates her emotional expressions, representing them internally. She reserves the full performance of emotional expressions for communicating with others. Kajsa is probably between the ages of

12 and 18 months.

2 and 3 years.

4 and 5 years.

6 and 8 years.

QUESTION 10. Some researchers claim that young babies respond in kind to others emotions through a built-in, automatic process of

scaffolding.

effortful control.

social referencing.

emotional contagion.

QUESTION 11. Preschoolers whose parents _____________ are better able to judge others emotions when later tested.

explicitly teach them about diverse emotions

have trouble regulating their own emotions

discourage sibling disputes

stifle emotional displays

QUESTION 12. Beginning in the preschool years, _________ is an important motivator of altruistic behavior.

guilt

anxiety

empathy

fear

QUESTION 13. Between the ages of 1 and 2 years, children

detect emotions by matching the caregiver s feeling tone in face-to-face communication.

begin to engage in social referencing.

begin to appreciate that others emotional reactions may differ from their own.

can reconcile conflicting cues when explaining others emotions.

QUESTION 14. Maurizio is inactive, shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli, is negative in mood, and adjusts slowly to new experiences. According to Thomas and Chess, Maurizio is a(n) __________ child.

easy

disorganized

difficult

slow-to-warm-up5 points

QUESTION 15. In which of Thomas and Chess s dimensions of temperament is the energy level of response, such as laughing, crying, talking, or gross-motor activity, measured?

threshold of responsiveness

adaptability

intensity of reaction

approach/withdrawal

QUESTION 16. In the first few weeks of life, the _________ of shy children are consistently _________ than those of sociable children.

blood pressure levels; lower

heart rates; higher

cortisol levels; lower

body temperatures; higher

QUESTION 17. Because Alice s inhibited disposition interfered with learning and getting along with others, Alice s mother gently but consistently counteracted Alice s maladaptive style. Alice s mother demonstrates

emotion-centered coping.

effortful control.

goodness of fit.

a nonshared environment.

QUESTION 18. In John Bowlby s preattachment phase,

infants respond differently to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger.

babies do not mind being left with an unfamiliar adult.

babies display separation anxiety.

children negotiate with the caregiver, using requests and persuasion to alter their goals.

QUESTION 19. Baby Wesley uses his nanny as a secure base from which to explore. Wesley is in Bowlby s ____________ phase.

preattachment

reciprocal relationship

attachment-in-the-making

clear-cut attachment

QUESTION 20. One-year-old Lamar stays close to his mother, fails to explore, and is distressed when she leaves the room. Upon his mother's return, Lamar clings to her with angry behavior, crying, and screaming despite her efforts to comfort him. Lamar is demonstrating ________ attachment.

disorganized/disoriented

resistant

avoidant

secure

QUESTION 21. Compared with the Strange Situation, the Attachment Q-Sort

is less suitable for preschool children than infants.

fails to capture the complexity of the parent child relationship.

is less time consuming.

taps a wider array of attachment-related behaviors.

QUESTION 22. When considering cultural variations in attachment development, which of the following statements is true?

The secure pattern is the most common attachment quality in all societies studied.

Infants in Israeli kibbutzim frequently show avoidant attachment.

Japanese infants rarely show resistant attachment.

German infants tend to be more securely attached than American babies.

QUESTION 23. Parents with _____________ internal working models talk about their childhood experiences with highly charged emotion, sometimes expressing anger toward their parents.

unresolved

dismissing

autonomous/secure

preoccupied

QUESTION 24. Which of the following statements regarding the Aka hunters and gatherers of Central Africa is true?

Aka fathers rarely pick up, cuddle, or play with their babies.

The bond between Aka husband and wife is unusually cooperative and leads to loving interaction between the father and the children.

Aka fathers spend little time in physical proximity to their babies.

Marital dissatisfaction in the Aka culture is associated with sensitive paternal care.

QUESTION 25. In a large study by the U.S. National Institute of Child Health and Development, part-time maternal employment during the baby s first year was associated with

defiance and aggression.

lower social skills.

insecure attachment in the Strange Situation.

greater maternal sensitivity.