Question: 1. Programming languages often provide types or objects which can create data hierarchies of arbitrary complexity, thus allowing software system designers to model language structures described by the linguist to greater or lesser degree. Do you know what these types or objects may be?

2. Data normalization is a process in which data attributes within a data model are organized to increase the cohesion of entity types. In other words, the goal of data normalization is to reduce and even eliminate data redundancy. What may be some of the processes to accomplish these goals?

3. Accounting information (i.e. billing) is information about the flow of packets. Information about accounting and billing data is stored in either the local file system or in a compliant relational database. A relational database can reside on any accessible host and can store information about more than one Connection Manager. Why is the storage of accounting data important to an accounting information system? Describe some important concerns, and explain why each one is important.

4. Reading a relationship between two entities must give the option of identifying whether a relationship is optional or not. For example, in the relationship between Consultant and Nurse, could be read as:

1) A Consultant MUST be assisted by a nurse.

2) A Consultant MAY be assisted by a nurse.

This depends on what the organization's rules are. In any case this option has to be expressed in the relational model and is commonly known as "Cardinalities" and is identified by two symbols.

Give some examples of such cardinalities for an accounting application other than sales.

5. Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database. This includes creating tables and establishing relationships between those tables according to rules designed both to protect the data and to make the database more flexible by eliminating redundancy and inconsistent dependency. What is an "inconsistent dependency"?