Question 1: Please select the item that has proper parallel structure.

a) It was not by numbers, however, but by dynamism that Europeans dominated the world in 1914. They had an educated; skilled population; a culture that rewarded creative innovation; massive industrial productivity; and a near monopoly of military force.

b) It was not by numbers, however, but by dynamism that Europeans dominated the world in 1914. They had an educated, skilled population, a culture that rewarded creative innovation; massive industrial productivity, and a near monopoly of military force.

c) It was not by numbers, however, but by dynamism that Europeans dominated the world in 1914. They had an educated, skilled population; a culture that rewarded creative innovation; massive industrial productivity; and a near monopoly of military force.

d) It was not by numbers, however, but by dynamism that Europeans dominated the world in 1914. They had an educated, skilled population; a culture that rewarded creative innovation; and a massive industrial productivity; also a near monopoly of military force.

Question 2: Please select the item that has proper parallel structure.

a) Historians disagree sharply about the causes of the gigantic burst of energy that was late-nineteenth-century European imperialism. Some believe it was primarily cultural: the zeal of missionaries for converts, of engineers for new rivers to bridge, and of soldiers for glory.

b) Historians disagree sharply about the causes of the gigantic burst of energy that was late-nineteenth-century European imperialism. Some believe it was primarily cultural: the zeal of missionaries for converts, and of engineers for new rivers to bridge, and of soldiers for glory.

c) Historians disagree sharply about the causes of the gigantic burst of energy that was late-nineteenth-century European imperialism. Some believe it was primarily cultural: the zeal of missionaries for converts, that engineers wanted to find new rivers to bridge, and of soldiers for glory.

d) Historians disagree sharply about the causes of the gigantic burst of energy that was late-nineteenth-century European imperialism. Some believe it was primarily cultural: that missionaries sought new converts, of engineers for new rivers to bridge, and that soldiers were looking for glory.

Question 3: Please select the item that has proper parallel structure.

a) Others attribute imperialism to economic drives. They point to French occupation of Tunisia in 1881, where French bondholders feared the loss of their assets, also mentioned is the British occupation of Egypt in 1882, where European investors could no longer collect interest on their loans to the spendthrift ruler of Europe, the Khedive Ismail.

b) Others attribute imperialism to economic drives. They point to French occupation of Tunisia in 1881, where French bondholders feared the loss of their assets, also the British occupation of Egypt in 1882 is mentioned. This is where European investors could no longer collect interest on their loans to the spendthrift ruler of Europe, the Khedive Ismail.

c) Others attribute imperialism to economic drives. They point to French occupation of Tunisia in 1881, where French bondholders feared the loss of their assets, and the British occupied Egypt in 1882, where European investors could no longer collect interest on their loans to the spendthrift ruler of Europe, the Khedive Ismail.

d) Others attribute imperialism to economic drives. They point to French occupation of Tunisia in 1881, where French bondholders feared the loss of their assets, and to the British occupation of Egypt in 1882, where European investors could no longer collect interest on their loans to the spendthrift ruler of Europe, the Khedive Ismail.

Question 4: Please select the item that has proper parallel structure.

a) The Europeans' near monopoly of modern military force enabled them to defend their empires up to 1945. Colonial armies, led by European officers and equipped with the latest weapons, made short work of Oriental potentates, and of Muslim kingdoms, also overtaking African tribes.

b) The Europeans' near monopoly of modern military force enabled them to defend their empires up to 1945. Colonial armies, led by European officers and equipped with the latest weapons, made short work of Oriental potentates, Muslim kingdoms, and African tribes.

c) The Europeans' near monopoly of modern military force enabled them to defend their empires up to 1945. Colonial armies, which were led by European officers and equipped with the latest weapons, made short work of Oriental potentates, they were able to deal with Muslim kingdoms, and African tribes.

d) The Europeans' near monopoly of modern military force enabled them to defend their empires up to 1945. Colonial armies, led by European officers and equipped with the latest weapons, made short work of Oriental potentates, Muslim kingdoms, and they oversaw African tribes.

Question 5: Please select the item that has proper parallel structure.

a) Cities were among the most glorious of European creations and, at the same time, among the most squalid. Since medieval times, the cities of Europe had featured lavish concentrations of money, power, and artistic expression, as well as pestilential slums.

b) Cities were among the most glorious of European creations and, at the same time, among the most squalid. Since medieval times, the cities of Europe had featured lavish concentrations of money, they had power, and artistic expression, as well as pestilential slums.

c) Cities were among the most glorious of European creations and, at the same time, among the most squalid. Since medieval times, the cities of Europe had featured lavish concentrations of money, power, and also the cities had artistic expression, as well as pestilential slums.

d) Cities were among the most glorious of European creations and, at the same time, among the most squalid. Since medieval times, the cities of Europe had featured lavish concentrations of money, had much power, artistic expression was in the cities, too, as well as pestilential slums.

Question 6: Please select the item that has proper parallel structure.

a) European society was highly stratified in 1914. Even after a century of middle-class expansion and steps toward political democracy, social distances remained wide. They were also quite visible. A European's social position was instantly evident in his or her clothes, the size of the person was also a factor, complexion, and subtle traits of posture.

b) European society was highly stratified in 1914. Even after a century of middle-class expansion and steps toward political democracy, social distances remained wide. They were also quite visible. A European's social position was instantly evident in his or her clothes, size, complexion, and the subtle traits of posture were signs as well.

c) European society was highly stratified in 1914. Even after a century of middle-class expansion and steps toward political democracy, social distances remained wide. They were also quite visible. A European's social position was instantly evident in his or her clothes, size, complexion, and subtle traits of posture.

d) European society was highly stratified in 1914. Even after a century of middle-class expansion and steps toward political democracy, social distances remained wide. They were also quite visible. A European's social position was instantly evident in his or her clothes, size, the darkness or lightness of the complexion was a trait, and subtle traits of posture.

Question 7: Please select the item that has proper parallel structure.

a) It its upper reaches, the European middle class was composed of comfortably established business and professional men and their families. An excellent literary example is the solid Lübeck merchant family, whose rise and decline over several generations are described in Thomas Mann's novel Buddenbrooks (1902). The creators of the Buddenbrook firm were sober, and were hard-working men, with their money they were careful, confident of its value, and as contemptuous of frivolous, spendthrift ways of the aristocracy as they were of the coarse ways of the poor.

b) It its upper reaches, the European middle class was composed of comfortably established business and professional men and their families. An excellent literary example is the solid Lübeck merchant family, whose rise and decline over several generations are described in Thomas Mann's novel Buddenbrooks (1902). The creators of the Buddenbrook firm were sober, hard-working men, careful with their money, confident of its value, and as contemptuous of frivolous, spendthrift ways of the aristocracy as they were of the coarse ways of the poor.

c) It its upper reaches, the European middle class was composed of comfortably established business and professional men and their families. An excellent literary example is the solid Lübeck merchant family, whose rise and decline over several generations are described in Thomas Mann's novel Buddenbrooks (1902). The creators of the Buddenbrook firm were sober, hard-working men, careful with their money, they were confident of its value, and as contemptuous of frivolous, spendthrift ways of the aristocracy as they were of the coarse ways of the poor.

d) It its upper reaches, the European middle class was composed of comfortably established business and professional men and their families. An excellent literary example is the solid Lübeck merchant family, whose rise and decline over several generations are described in Thomas Mann's novel Buddenbrooks (1902). The creators of the Buddenbrook firm were sober, hard-working men, being careful with their money, also confident of its value, and as contemptuous of frivolous, spendthrift ways of the aristocracy as they were of the coarse ways of the poor.

Question 8: Please select the item that has proper parallel structure.

a) For a brief period, from 1860 to 1879, the world's major trading nations imposed almost no tariffs on foreign goods, and other kinds of restrictions on trade virtually vanished. Never had the movement of people and goods from one country to another been subject to so little government regulation. Before World War I, one could travel anywhere in the world without a passport, one could sell products on any continent, or collect income from foreign investments without referring to any government-provided, of course, one had money.

b) For a brief period, from 1860 to 1879, the world's major trading nations imposed almost no tariffs on foreign goods, and other kinds of restrictions on trade virtually vanished. Never had the movement of people and goods from one country to another been subject to so little government regulation. Before World War I, one could travel anywhere in the world without a passport, sell products on any continent, or income from foreign investments could be collected without referring to any government-provided, of course, one had money.

c) For a brief period, from 1860 to 1879, the world's major trading nations imposed almost no tariffs on foreign goods, and other kinds of restrictions on trade virtually vanished. Never had the movement of people and goods from one country to another been subject to so little government regulation. Before World War I, one could travel anywhere in the world without a passport, could sell products on any continent, or collecting income from foreign investments without referring to any government-provided, of course, one had money.

d) For a brief period, from 1860 to 1879, the world's major trading nations imposed almost no tariffs on foreign goods, and other kinds of restrictions on trade virtually vanished. Never had the movement of people and goods from one country to another been subject to so little government regulation. Before World War I, one could travel anywhere in the world without a passport, sell products on any continent, or collect income from foreign investments without referring to any government-provided, of course, one had money.

Question 9: Please select the item that has proper parallel structure.

a) The wealthiest industrial and commercial tycoons were equal or superior to aristocrats in everything except hereditary title. Traditionally, the possessors of great new fortunes did their best to acquire landed estates, aristocratic manners, and (eventually) even a noble title for their children if not for themselves.

b) The wealthiest industrial and commercial tycoons were equal or superior to aristocrats in everything except hereditary title. Traditionally, the possessors of great new fortunes did their best to acquire landed estates, to get aristocratic manners, and (eventually) even a noble title for their children if not for themselves.

c) The wealthiest industrial and commercial tycoons were equal or superior to aristocrats in everything except hereditary title. Traditionally, the possessors of great new fortunes did their best to acquire landed estates, getting aristocratic manners, and (eventually) even a noble title for their children if not for themselves.

d) The wealthiest industrial and commercial tycoons were equal or superior to aristocrats in everything except hereditary title. Traditionally, the possessors of great new fortunes did their best to acquire landed estates, aristocratic manners, and (eventually) even to adopt a noble title for their children if not for themselves.

Question 10: Please select the item that has proper parallel structure.

a) Nationalism stirred more hearts in Europe in 1914, including those of many workers, than did socialism. New public school systems, newspapers came along, and popular culture helped spread the national idea. Typically, the dominant nationality that ran each Western European Great Power used schools, public ceremonies, and obligatory military service to make citizens more homogeneous and more loyal.

b) Nationalism stirred more hearts in Europe in 1914, including those of many workers, than did socialism. New public school systems, newspapers, and popular culture helped spread the national idea. Typically, the dominant nationality that ran each Western European Great Power used schools, public ceremonies, and obligatory military service to make citizens more homogeneous and more loyal.

c) Nationalism stirred more hearts in Europe in 1914, including those of many workers, than did socialism. New public school systems, newspapers, and popular culture helped spread the national idea. Typically, the dominant nationality that ran each Western European Great Power used schools, conducted public ceremonies, and obligatory military service to make citizens more homogeneous and more loyal.

d) Nationalism stirred more hearts in Europe in 1914, including those of many workers, than did socialism. The creation of new public school systems, newspapers, and popular culture helped spread the national idea. Typically, the dominant nationality that ran each Western European Great Power used schools, public ceremonies, and also required military service to make citizens more homogeneous and more loyal.