QUESTION 1: Have good news and bad news about my grades," Peter told his father. "The good news is very good and the bad news is not so bad!" What strategy is Peter using to soften his father's judgment about his grades?

a. framing effect

b. anchoring and adjustment heuristic

c. representativeness heuristic

d. availability heuristic

QUESTION 2: What conclusion may be drawn about problem solving from Maier's studies with Bismark?

a. Only humans can solve problems by means of insight.

b. A rat has demonstrated insight under laboratory conditions.

c. Rats are capable of insight under a variety of conditions.

d. A rat has demonstrated trial-and-error learning under laboratory conditions.

QUESTION 3: Eight-year-old Stephanie understands that her dog Boodles is a dog and that all dogs are animals. Stephanie's concept of animal is

a. hierarchical.

b. overextended.

c. intuitive.

d. ideational.

QUESTION 4: When a toddler utters "baba," it may mean, "I want my bottle," or "Where is my bottle?" or "I'm hungry." Such utterances are called

a. telegraphic speech.

b. holophrases.

c. overgeneralizations.

d. overextensions.

QUESTION 5: Walking away from a problem temporarily can allow for _________ to help overcome mental sets that interfere with finding the correction solution.

a. incantation.

b. industry.

c. influence.

d. incubation.

QUESTION 6: Mimi is memorizing the Bill of Rights in relation to the legal cases in support of the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution. She is most likely to apply a(n)

a. visual code.

b. acoustic code.

c. legal code.

d. semantic code.

QUESTION 7: Jason, straining his eyes on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance. He is most likely using a(n)

a. acoustic code.

b. metamemory.

c. visual code.

d. semantic code.

QUESTION 8: Information at the beginning and end of a list tends to be more easily recalled than information in the middle of the list. This cognitive process is called

a. serial-position effect.

b. chunking.

c. the Magic Number Seven.

d. encoding.

QUESTION 9: Which of the following is NOT a type of prospective memory?

a. time-based tasks.

b. habitual tasks.

c. knowledge-based tasks.

d. event-based tasks.

QUESTION 10: Rosalind, a forward on the women's basketball team, has invited Bryce to a formal banquet at which she will receive an award for her outstanding athletic performance. When Bryce first sees her in her formal gown, it strikes him that she does not look at all like an athlete. Why is he surprised?

a. She does not fit his schema of her.

b. Athletes seldom wear dresses.

c. He has never before seen her in a dress.

d. He is a male chauvinis