Question 1. Developmental psychologists know that the sex of the baby is determined:

A. definitively at conception.
B. by the release or non-release of a hormone during the embryonic stage.
C. by the embryo's genes.

D. during the fetal period.

Question 2. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is closely associated with:

A. birth defects affecting the eyes, ears, and heart.
B. childhood attention problems and lower IQ.
C. an increased likelihood of miscarriage, premature birth, and low birth weight.

D. mental retardation and other physical disorders in a newborn infant.

Question 3. Most children in Western cultures become wary or fearful of strangers between the ages of __________ months.

A. two to three
B. four to five
C. seven to eight

D. nine to eleven

Question 4. Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants:

A. do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not long for her return.
B. cry or protest if the mother leaves the room and welcome her back when she returns.
C. protest loudly when the mother leaves and may punish her by resisting contact with her when she returns.

D. are not concerned when separation occurs, but cry to be picked up and held when the mother returns.

Question 5. Which one of the following statements about the human brain is true?

A. The brain is fully formed in the first three years.
B. The brain forms very few synapses in the first fifteen months.
C. The brain needs maximum stimulation during the first twelve months.

D. The brain forms synapses during childhood, adolescence, and even the later years.

Question 6. Emily calls her husband into the living room saying, "I'm just sure the baby recognized the word 'Mommy'!" Their baby is most likely __________ months old.

A. one to three
B. four to six
C. seven to nine

D. ten to twelve

Question 7. Children whose parents encourage them to use gestures in their development of communication:

A. have difficulty mastering a large vocabulary.
B. have better comprehension.
C. are frustrated in their communication.

D. watch people's gestures more than they listen.

Question 8. According to Piaget, __________ represents the beginning of a child's capacity to use mental imagery and other symbolic systems.

A. egocentric thinking
B. accommodation
C. object permanence

D. assimilation

Question 9. Isaiah's parents discipline him using induction. It is most likely that he will:

A. fail to internalize moral values.
B. be impulsive, unmotivated, and irresponsible.
C. develop a strong sense of moral feelings.

D. have poor self-control and poor social skills.

Question 10. Toddlers are able to:

A. understand, but not conform to, cultural rules of gender.
B. know that a boy stays a boy even with long hair.
C. have strong gender identities but not be gender typed.

D. label themselves as either boys or girls.

Question 11. Researchers have found that, during childhood:

A. girls' gender schemas are more rigid than boys' gender schemas.
B. when boys play with girls, the boys lose status.
C. boys like it when girls dress and behave like boys.

D. girls express stronger preferences for feminine toys than boys do for masculine toys.

Question 12. Learning theorists believe that gender socialization begins:

A. at the moment of a child's birth.
B. when the child comprehends speech.
C. when children label themselves boys or girls.

D. when children have developed a secure gender identity.

Question 13. Gwen and her brother Henry produce roughly the same levels of male and female hormones. Given this information, it is likely that:

A. neither has reached puberty.
B. Gwen is younger than her brother.
C. Henry has reached puberty, but Gwen has not.

D. Gwen is on the brink of menarche.

Question 14. As the mother of a late-maturing boy, Betty is concerned that, compared to early-maturing boys, he is more likely to:

A. use drugs and alcohol.
B. disobey school regulations.
C. have a diminished physical self-image.

D. smoke cigarettes to fit in with peers.

Question 15. Adolescent boys who are lonely, depressed, worried, or angry are more likely than girls to express these concerns by:

A. becoming depressed and attempting suicide.

B. externalizing their emotional problems in acts of aggression and other antisocial behavior.

C. internalizing their problems and, as a result, having low self-esteem.

D. internalizing their feelings and becoming more withdrawn.

Question 16. Erik H. Erikson wrote that:

A. personality is formed by the time a child is five or six years old.
B. stage theories are inadequate in capturing life's developmental changes.
C. adult development is characterized by four major transitions, which he called passages.

D. eight inevitable crises must be resolved as one moves through life.

Question 17. Estela is in her early twenties and has successfully resolved each life crisis as it has occurred throughout her development. According to Erikson, Estela now must resolve the crisis of:

A. intimacy versus isolation.
B. trust versus mistrust.
C. initiative versus guilt.

D. ego integrity versus despair.

Question 18. A developmental psychologist who stresses the importance of the social clock would be likely to agree that:

A. the universal crisis of the adolescent years occurs as teens worldwide decide what they hope to make of their lives.
B. the transitions of life themselves are less important than whether the transitions are shared with others of one's generation.
C. life occurs in a series of predictable stages set by the norms of each culture and of each historical period.

D. the midlife crisis of men is due to the culture's social clock but the negative reactions of women to menopause are biological.

Question 19. The fastest-growing segment of the population in North America consists of people:

A. born in the past 10 years.
B. born in the midst of World War I (born before 1918).
C. born during the "baby boom" (beginning in 1946).

D. born during the "Great Depression" (beginning in 1929).

Question 20. The frequency of intense negative emotions is highest among people aged __________ years.

A. 18 to 34
B. 35 to 45
C. 46 to 55
D. 56 to 65