Question 1. Consider the following set of known facts and rules for a production system. (Check the Forward and Backward Chaining slides in the Rule Based Systems file in Module 3 for an example).

Facts (known to be true): L, M, N Rules:

1. L → O (means that if L is true then O is true)
2. M & N → Q (means that if M and N are both true then Q is true)
3. N → R
4. P & Q → S
5. R → U
6. P → W
7. T & W → Z
8. S & U → V
9. O → T
10. M & O → P
11. R & X → Y

Using this example, what have we learned about the applications for forward and backward chaining? Give an example of a situation where each would be the best choice

Question 2. 5 for the chromosome, 5 for the gene values, and 10 for the rationale for your choices.

Genetic algorithms (GAs) can be used in game development. Consider the chromosome shown in the notes for the MicroAnts game. In a game, we can use a GA evolve our computer-generated opponents and alter their strategies. If we use a chromosome with 16 bits, we can generate 216 or 65,536 unique creatures. If we use 32 bits we can get 232 or 4,294,967,296 unique creatures. That way players are always seeing creatures with different attributes.

Assume that we are creating a game in which we are trying to defend the earth from a horde of alien invaders. There are different types of aliens in the alien army with differing attributes and different individuals within each type. Use at least 16 bits for your chromosome. Remember that each possible combination needs to have a meaning (like MicroAnts). If you use 3 bits for a gene, you have 23 or 8 possible sets of bit values and each possibility needs to represent something.

For example, let's say we use 2 bits for type of movement - we could have the following bit values: 00 - walks only, 01 - flies only, 10 - swims only, 11 - walks, flies, and swims.

We want to allow the aliens to evolve using survival of the fittest. We can do this by allowing the aliens to mate with other. Their offspring would be a combination of the genes from the parents. Aliens must survive to mate so only the most fit would mate This way, the longer the game is played the more challenging the aliens become.

What genes would you use in the chromosome and what would each possible gene value represent? Give the rationale for your choices.