QUESTION 1: A female therapist begins to react to a younger male client as if he were her son. This is an example of:

A. Role play

B. Empty chair

C. Transference

D. Countertransference

QUESTION 2: When a client projects feelings toward the professional counselors that he originally had toward a significant other, it is called:

A. Free association

B. Insight

C. Transference

D. Resistance

QUESTION 3: Overgeneralization, mind reading, and catastrophizing are all examples of:

A. Cognitive distortions

B. Psychodynamic conceptualizations

C. Rogerian techniques

D. Counselor attributes

QUESTION 4: Unconscious processes, which serve to minimize anxiety and protect the self from severe id or superego demands, are called:

A. Slips of the tongue

B. Ego defense mechanisms

C. Id defense processes

D. Latent dream material

QUESTION 5: Gestalt theory was developed by:

A. Sigmund Freud

B. Albert Ellis

C. Fritz Perls

D. Carl Rogers

QUESTION 6: Major components of the psychodynamic paradigm include all of the following EXCEPT:

A. Insight

B. Unconscious motivation

C. Freedom and responsibility

D. Personality reconstruction

QUESTION 7: According to Rogers, all of the following are core characteristics of a professional counselor EXCEPT:

A. Genuineness

B. Unconditional positive regard

C. Honesty

D. Empathy

QUESTION 8: Each of the following is a technique employed in a family systems therapy approach EXCEPT:

A. De-triangulation

B. Genogram

C. Free association

D. "I" position

QUESTION 9: Personal constructs are defined as:

A. Personal relationships

B. Self-beliefs

C. Counselor's personal view of the client's issue

D. Distorted beliefs

QUESTION 10: Applying theory requires:

A. A great deal of knowledge of that theory

B. Felxibility

C. Documentation

D. The permission of the client

QUESTION 11: Humanistic-existentialists:

A. Believe that people possess qualities of goodness and worth

B. Focus on current and future functioning

C. Believe that people have the freedom and responsibility to grow and develop

D. All of the above

QUESTION 12: The optimal counseling theory for all clients is:

A. Cognitive-behavioral

B. Person-centered

C. Psychodynamic

D. There is not one theory that works best for all clients

QUESTION 13: Theoretical integration is different from eclecticism in that integration is:

A. Haphazard

B. Based on the client's presenting symptoms

C. Intentional

D. Modified based on the culture of the client

QUESTION 14: In person-centered therapy, the main purpose of counseling is to:

A. Help the client reach self-actualization

B. Provide empathy to the client

C. Confront inconsistencies in the client

D. Understand the client's worldview

QUESTION 15: An association that naturally exists, such as an animal salivating when food is presented, is:

A. An operant

B. Conditioned

C. Unconditioned

D. Acquisition period

QUESTION 16: According to the existentialist Rollo May, anxiety:

A. Is a pathological neuroses

B. Can be harmful to growth

C. Can be healthy and motivational

D. Should be reduced

QUESTION 17: Professional counselors who operate with a core theoretical approach and maintain flexibility to add other approaches to that core as appropriate to the individual client are described as:

A. Electric

B. Integrative

C. Psychodynamic

D. Atheoretical

QUESTION 18: The __________ theory does NOT fit in the systems or emergent paradigms.

A. Existential

B. Narrative

C. Constructivist

D. Interpersonal therapy (IPT)

QUESTION 19: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic or belief of cognitive-behavioral theory?

A. Clients rarely realize what cognitions or behaviors are causing them discomfort

B. Self-statements affect individual behaviors

C. Clients and counselors share the responsibility of selecting goals

D. Cognitive distortions include catastrophizing and mind reading

QUESTION 20: The primary theorists associated with narrative counseling are:

A. White and Epston

B. Bowen and Satir

C. Yalom and May

D. Eysenck and Krumboltz

QUESTION 21: A good theory has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

A. It has been practiced over a great deal of time

B. It is clear and easily understood

C. It is explicit and heuristic

D. It is comprehensive

QUESTION 22: Similar to person-centered counseling, Gestalt counselors believe:

A. There are three essential characteristics needed for a therapeutic relationship to be established

B. People have the need for a high self-regard

C. People have the tendency to move toward wholeness

D. None of the above

QUESTION 23: An important cross-cultural consideration of behavioral counseling is the emphasis on:

A. Enviormental conditions

B. Individual responsibility

C. The nature of free will

D. Genetics

QUESTION 24: The __________ paradigm focuses on early childhood and the effects of these experiences on the adult personality.

A. Humanistic-existential

B. Systems

C. Constructivism

D. Psychodynamic