Question 1: _______ said that there's a collective unconscious shared by all human beings, containing universal memories, symbols, and images that are the legacy of human history.

A. Carl Jung

B. Sigmund Freud

C. Karen Horney

D. Raymond Cattell

Question 2: Which of the following is true of an individualist culture?

A. Group harmony takes precedence over the wishes of the individual.

B. The self is defined in the context of relationships.

C. The independence of the individual often takes precedence over the needs of the group.

D. The sense of self is viewed as more flexible than it is in collectivist cultures.

Question 3: During a mildly stressful task, reactive children are more likely than nonreactive to show _______

A. high levels of stress hormone.

B. decreased brain activity.

C. no physiological change.

D. decreased heart rates.

Question 4: For Gordon Allport, our personalities reflect

A. between five to ten central traits and additional secondary traits.

B. the ways we cope with the struggle to find meaning in existence.

C. whether or not a person received unconditional positive regard throughout childhood.

D. a gradual progression toward self-actualization.

Question 5: According to Abraham Maslow, the most important aspects of personality are

A. the Big Five personality traits.

B. the instincts and repressed conflicts of a person.

C. the qualities of the self-actualized person.

D. the reinforcers and punishers in a person's learning history.

Question 6: A psychologist is studying how a society's shared rules, along with the values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most members of that community, affect the behavior of individuals. This research could be described as investigating the effect of _______ on behavior.

A. culture

B. the collective unconscious

C. shared environment

D. reciprocal determinism

Question 7: Some psychologists critique psychodynamic theories because they're largely based on the retrospective accounts of adults. One reason this is a problem is that

A. adult memories of childhood experiences may be flawed.

B. random samples are biased.

C. childhood experiences can affect adult personalities.

D. retrospective studies only focus on atypical adults.

Question 8: ______ is love and support given to another person with no conditions attached.

A. Existentialism

B. Self-actualization

C. Collective unconscious

D. Unconditional positive regard

Question 9: Carl Rogers would have agreed that

A. a parent can correct a child's behavior without withdrawing love from the child.

B. punishment is of major importance in becoming a fully functioning person.

C. positive regard from a parent is only effective if it's revoked when a child misbehaves.

D. human nature involves a fear of freedom, loneliness, and the struggle for meaning.

Question 10: Freud's theory is called _______ because it emphasizes the movement of psychological energy within the person.

A. neurogenic

B. genetic

C. psychodynamic

D. cognitive

Question 11: Phrases such as "displacing one's anger," "being in denial," and "repressing a memory" are all based on ideas related to

A. social-cognitive learning theory.

B. psychodynamic theory.

C. neurogenic.

D. trait theory.

Question 12: ___ is a fundamental personality dimension that describes the extent to which people are outgoing or shy.

A. Agreeableness versus antagonism

B. Extroversion versus introversion

C. Neuroticism versus emotional stability

D. Openness to experience versus resistance to new experience

Question 13: In psychoanalysis, which component of personality is present at birth and is the reservoir of unconscious psychological energies and the motives to avoid pain and obtain pleasure?

A. Id

B. Ego

C. Libido

D. Superego

Question 14: Howard's psychologist asks him to take a personality test. The test consists of a series of standardized multiple-choice items. The test also includes a section where Howard is asked to rate himself on a series of scales. This is most likely a(n)

A. projective test.

B. objective test.

C. Rorschach test.

D. humanist test.

Question 15: Which of the following describes the general relationship between genes and personality?

A. A genetic predisposition doesn't necessarily imply genetic inevitability.

B. Personality problems that have a genetic component will inevitably occur if a person has the particular gene(s).

C. In spite of genetic dispositions and temperament, we can transform our personality completely.

D. Personality problems that have a genetic component are permanent.

Question 16: In behavioral genetic research, the _______ includes personal experiences, such as winning the lead in the school play.

A. individualist culture

B. non-shared environment

C. shared environment

D. collectivist culture

Question 17: _______ is a statistical estimate of the proportion of the total variance in some trait that's attributable to genetic differences among individuals within a group.

A. Reciprocal determinism

B. Heritability

C. Factor analysis

D. Congruence

Question 18: Which of the following is an emphasis shared by all psychodynamic theories?

A. An emphasis on unconscious processes within the mind

B. An emphasis on our uniquely human capacity to determine our own actions and futures

C. An emphasis on adult experiences as the cause of ongoing problems

D. An emphasis on the heritability of temperaments

Question 19: The personality theorist who described the importance of having peak experiences was

A. Abraham Maslow.

B. Carl Rogers.

C. Rollo May.

D. Karen Horney.

Question 20: In behavioral genetic research, _______ includes the family background in which you grew up and the experiences you shared with your siblings and parents.

A. heritability

B. the non-shared environment

C. the shared environment

D. the peak experience

Question 21: Kellie is fearful in situations where she must eat in public or write in the presence of others. She is worried that she might say or do something embarrassing. Kellie is exhibiting the symptoms of a(n)

A. generalized anxiety disorder.

B. idiosyncratic phobia.

C. obsessive-compulsive disorder.

D. social phobia.

Question 22: _______ disorders include conditions that cause persistent sad, empty, or irritable moods.

A. Personality

B. Depressive

C. Anxiety

D. Dissociative identity

Question 23: Which of the following is an incorrect match?

A. Agoraphobia-fear of fear, fear of being trapped in public

B. Social phobia-fear of situations in which a person will be observed by others

C. Compulsion-recurrent, persistent, unwished-for images and thoughts

D. Generalized anxiety disorder-continuing sense of doom and worry

Question 24: Which of the following is not a symptom of mania?

A. Feelings of power

B. Extreme euphoria

C. Impulsive behavior

D. Angry rumination

Question 25: The chief characteristic of generalized anxiety disorder is

A. short-lived, but intense, feelings of spontaneous anxiety.

B. excessive fear of a particular situation.

C. excessive, uncontrollable anxiety or worry.

D. repeated thoughts used to ward off anxious feelings.

Question 26: The voice hallucinations experienced by schizophrenic individuals might be due to

A. abnormalities in the thalamus.

B. deficiencies in the auditory cortex.

C. shrinking of ventricles.

D. abnormalities in the hippocampus.

Question 27: ______ refers to the fear of heights.

A. Claustrophobia

B. Acrophobia

C. Triskaidekaphobia

D. Agoraphobia

Question 28: _______ consist of ambiguous pictures, sentences, or stories that the test taker interprets or completes.

A. Objective tests

B. Projective tests

C. Personality inventories

D. Diagnoses based on the DSM

Question 29: Which of the following would not be considered to be a symptom of schizophrenia?

A. A person's belief that dogs are extraterrestrials disguised as pets

B. A person's belief that he is Moses

C. A person's report that she hears two voices conversing in her head

D. A person using elaborate con tricks to lie, seduce, or manipulate others

Question 30: In the United States, the group at highest risk of suicide is

A. African-American women.

B. American Indian men.

C. African-American men.

D. Caucasian women.

Question 31: _____ is a disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts and repetitive, ritualized behaviors.

A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder

B. Generalized anxiety disorder

C. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

D. Borderline personality disorder

Question 32: According to psychological scientists, "dissociative amnesia"

A. is the mechanism that causes traumatized children to repress their ordeal and develop several identities.

B. lacks historical and empirical support.

C. can be uncovered by continuous interviewing.

D. occurs when a person keeps recalling traumatic experiences.

Question 33: After surviving an Amtrak derailment, John experienced frequent, vivid thoughts and images of the accident for several months. He also had problems sleeping and was irritable and withdrawn. John is suffering from

A. major depression.

B. posttraumatic stress disorder.

C. generalized anxiety disorder.

D. panic disorder.

Question 34: Some people with schizophrenia completely withdraw into a private world, sitting for hours without moving. This condition is called

A. disorganized behavior.

B. a catatonic stupor.

C. a bizarre behavior.

D. a hallucination.

Question 35: According to the text's discussion on anxiety,

A. panic attacks are called the fear of fears because people feel that they're dying.

B. in many situations it's sensible to feel anxiety, and in fact, this emotion is often adaptive.

C. posttraumatic stress disorder occurs within the first two days after a trauma.

D. It's unusual for a mentally healthy person to experience a panic attack.

Question 36: The primary aim of the DSM is to

A. help psychologists assess normal, as well as abnormal, behavior.

B. keep the number of diagnostic categories of mental disorders to a minimum.

C. provide descriptive and clear diagnostic categories for diagnosing mental disorders.

D. describe the causes of common psychological disorders.

Question 37: A nineteenth-century physician's diagnosis of drapetomania, which purported to explain why slaves sought freedom, exemplifies

A. the recognition of the intolerable conditions of slavery and the need to escape those conditions.

B. how group consensus often reflects prevailing attitudes and prejudices rather than objective evidence.

C. how great suffering elicits the "fight-or-flight" response, which is a normal human reaction.

D. recognition of panic disorder as far back as the early years of the nineteenth century.

Question 38: Mary went to the emergency room for the second time in a month complaining of difficulty in breathing and chest pain that had come on suddenly. She thought she was having a heart attack and was afraid she was dying, but the doctor couldn't find anything wrong. She may be suffering from

A. panic disorder.

B. a somatoform disorder.

C. PTSD.

D. hypochondria.

Question 39: Which of the following statements regarding the biological model of addiction and drug abuse is false?

A. People who have a high sensitivity to alcohol are less likely to drink to excess.

B. If heredity plays a role in alcoholism, then more than one gene is involved.

C. For alcoholics who begin drinking heavily in adulthood, heritable factors are strongly involved.

D. Genes may affect how much a person needs to drink before feeling high.

Question 40: ____ is a personality disorder characterized by fearlessness; lack of empathy, guilt, and remorse; the use of deceit; and cold-heartedness.

A. Psychopathy

B. Addiction

C. Schizophrenia

D. Psychosis