Q1. Plato believed that the human soul consisted of the following three fundamental parts:
a. id, ego, and superego.
b. appetite, moral courage, and reason.
c. psyche, intellect, and judgment.
d. memory, intellect, and heart.

Q2. The Pre-Socratic thinkers were primarily concerned with discovering the
a. existence of the human soul.
b. principles of mathematics.
c. origin of the gods.
d. ultimate unifying principle of matter.

Q3. Plato's ideal state was governed by the
a. Guardians.
b. soldiers.
c. artisans.
d. All of the above

Q4. According to Plato, the soul's basis for judging experience is
a. trial and error.
b. its previous existence.
c. intuition.
d. prayer.

Q5. Plato and Aristotle viewed knowledge differently. For Plato knowledge was ___________, while for Aristotle it was ___________.
a. rational, intuitive
b. deductive, inductive
c. inductive, deductive
d. intuitive, rational

Q6. As a whole, the Greek philosophers were most interested in discovering
a. relativistic principles.
b. mystical knowledge.
c. the unknown territories of Hyperborea.
d. universal principles of rationality.

Q7. Unlike Plato, Aristotle in the Poetics views poetry as
a. detrimental to an ideal republic.
b. superior to history.
c. inferior to history.
d. completely realistic.

Q8. According to Plato's Allegory of the Cave, the chained human beings believe the shadows on the wall to be
a. imaginary.
b. illusory.
c. ideal.
d. real.

Q9. Which Greek thinker believed that the soul died with the physical body?
a. Socrates
b. Aristotle
c. Plato
d. Pythagoras

Q10. In Plato's description in the Phaedo, Socrates draws the greatest comfort during his hour of death from
a. having his close friends nearby.
b. knowing he will become a famous martyr.
c. believing the soul may be immortal.
d. realizing that his death will be pointless.

Q11. The ________________ were the four Roman officials responsible for protecting the plebeians' interests.
a. tribunes
b. lectors
c. consuls
d. centuriae

Q12. How did Greek culture change as a result of Alexander's conquests?
a. It was destroyed by the cultures of the conquered peoples.
b. It became warlike and unsophisticated.
c. It became increasingly sophisticated and complex.
d. It merged with Roman culture.

Q13. The age beginning with Alexander the Great is referred to as
a. Hellenic.
b. Hellenistic.
c. Roman.
d. Etruscan.

Q14. Stoicism, which arose as a philosophical doctrine at the end of the fourth century B.C., maintained that the divine essence behind all human activity was
a. immortality.
b. reason.
c. perfection.
d. suffering.

Q15. The Epicureans urged their followers to seek happiness by
a. maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.
b. adhering to absolute standards of good and evil.
c. accumulating wealth.
d. all of the above.

Q16. The Romans were attracted to _________________ because it stressed service to the state and could serve as a philosophical background for their legal system.
a. stoicism
b. epicureanism
c. mysticism
d. neo-platonism

Q17. The most important idea in Book Four of Virgil's Aeneid is the
a. suffering of women.
b. great personal tragedies that a public destiny entails.
c. necessity of bravery.
d. Stoical ideal that a true hero never seeks vengeance.

Q18. Cicero's On the Laws states that all human beings
a. have an equal capacity to learn.
b. are not equal.
c. cannot attain virtue.
d. need not learn the principles of right living.

Q19. The power of a Roman dictator was limited because he
a. always ruled along with a co-dictator.
b. ruled alongside a council of generals.
c. ruled only in time of peace.
d. ruled only for a period of six months.

Q20. Who employed satire in his work to expose the vices and follies of individuals and society?
a. Lucretius
b. Virgil
c. Horace
d. Cicero

Q21. In the Gospel according to Saint Matthew, Jesus gives his followers the essentials of a new doctrine, popularly referred to as the
a. New Covenant.
b. Ten Commandments.
c. Sermon on the Mount.
d. Second Coming of Christ.

Q22. Which of the following was not a major architectural aspect of early church buildings?
a. nave
b. bell tower (campanile)
c. apse
d. transept

Q23. From the mid-eighth to the sixth century B.C., the spiritual life of Jews was dominated by a succession of
a. powerful kings.
b. powerful female mystics.
c. prophets.
d. religious schisms.

Q24. The first king who ruled over Israel as a united people was
a. Joshua.
b. Saul.
c. David.
d. Solomon.

Q25. The cornerstone of Judaic theology is
a. the belief in one God.
b. acceptance of the authority of the rabbi.
c. tolerance of other religions.
d. as assumption that the world is moving towards perfection.

Q26. The ______________, written from about 1000 B.C. to A.D. 165, soon became the official scripture of Judaism.
a. Apocrypha
b. Hebrew scriptures
c. Pentateuch
d. Christian scriptures

Q27. The earliest form of church sculpture was the
a. caryatid.
b. sarcophagus.
c. pilaster.
d. kore.

Q28. Like the Homeric epics, biblical literature first existed as ______________ narratives.
a. written
b. Babylonian
c. oral
d. Canaanite

Q29. Most of the invaders who overran the Roman Empire beginning in the fifth century were ______________ in origin.
a. Arabic
b. Germanic
c. French
d. Persian

Q30. The shift from a culture centered primarily on human beings to one centered primarily on an all-powerful, transcendent God is representative of the
a. Romans.
b. Egyptians.
c. Greeks.
d. Hebrews.

Q31. In the early eighth century, the issue of ___________________ marked a major crisis in East-West relations.
a. papal primacy
b. the crusades
c. religious toleration
d. iconoclasm

Q32. A major goal of Justinian's empire was to
a. spread Roman power to the east.
b. defeat and hold back Germanic invaders.
c. defend and expand Christianity.
d. defend the West against the spread of Islam.

Q33. The most important architectural form of Islam is the
a. church.
b. mosque.
c. temple.
d. tomb.

Q34. Islam is similar to Judaism in its
a. tendency to question and interpret the word of God.
b. emphasis on codifying and following God's laws.
c. rapid expansion into a widespread empire.
d. tendency to take in converts from many ethnic backgrounds.

Q35. Built at the city of Granada, the ________________ Palace marks the high point of Muslim palace construction in Spain.
a. Dome of the Rock
b. Alhambra
c. Cordoba
d. Mshatta

Q36. In the last two excerpts from the Quran, God (Allah) is referred to as
a. just.
b. merciful.
c. hateful.
d. both merciful and compassionate.

Q37. Muslims observances include
a. ritual prayer five times a day.
b. a pilgrimage to Damascus.
c. a month of indulgence.
d. all of the above.

Q38. The architecture of mosques is characterized by
a. elaborate decoration of flat surfaces.
b. small, confined interior spaces divided into many rooms.
c. statues of Mohammed and his descendants.
d. all of the above.

Q39. According to tradition, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem marks the spot where
a. Moses received the Ten Commandments.
b. Jesus delivered his Sermon on the Mount.
c. Muhammad ascended to heaven.
d. all of the above.

Q40. Islam means
a. submission to the will of God.
b. God's love and compassion.
c. facing the Day of Judgment.
d. the revelations of the Prophet.