Q1. From Aristotle's perspective, a female was

a. a failed male.

b. the mental equal of a male.

c. the social equal of a male.

d. physically inferior, but morally superior to a male.

Q2. Pythagoras put forth the theory that all objects in the universe were reducible to

a. atoms.

b. numbers.

c. five basic elements.

d. three basic elements.

Q3. Plato believed that the human soul consisted of the following three fundamental parts:

a. id, ego, and superego.

b. appetite, moral courage, and reason.

c. psyche, intellect, and judgment.

d. memory, intellect, and heart.

Q4. The statement "Man is the measure of all things" is attributed to

a. Plato.

b. Aristotle.

c. Socrates.

d. Protagoras.

Q5. According to Plato, the soul's basis for judging experience is

a. trial and error.

b. its previous existence.

c. intuition.

d. prayer.

Q6. Plato and Aristotle viewed knowledge differently. For Plato knowledge was ___________, while for Aristotle it was ___________.

a. rational, intuitive

b. deductive, inductive

c. inductive, deductive

d. intuitive, rational

Q7. Which Greek thinker believed that the soul died with the physical body?

a. Socrates

b. Aristotle

c. Plato

d. Pythagoras

Q8. As a whole, the Greek philosophers were most interested in discovering

a. relativistic principles.

b. mystical knowledge.

c. the unknown territories of Hyperborea.

d. universal principles of rationality.

Q9. In Plato's description in the Phaedo, Socrates draws the greatest comfort during his hour of death from

a. having his close friends nearby.

b. knowing he will become a famous martyr.

c. believing the soul may be immortal.

d. realizing that his death will be pointless.

Q10. Unlike Plato, Aristotle in the Poetics views poetry as

a. detrimental to an ideal republic.

b. superior to history.

c. inferior to history.

d. completely realistic.

Q11. 753 B.C. is the date traditionally given as the

a. death of Alexander the Great.

b. beginning of the Punic Wars.

c. founding of Rome.

d. collapse of Greek culture.

Q12. The most important idea in Book Four of Virgil's Aeneid is the

a. suffering of women.

b. great personal tragedies that a public destiny entails.

c. necessity of bravery.

d. Stoical ideal that a true hero never seeks vengeance.

Q13. According to Horace, poetry should be both

a. strong and sharp.

b. pleasing and useful.

c. optimistic and pessimistic.

d. practical and patriotic.

Q14. The age beginning with Alexander the Great is referred to as

a. Hellenic.

b. Hellenistic.

c. Roman.

d. Etruscan.

Q15. Who employed satire in his work to expose the vices and follies of individuals and society?

a. Lucretius

b. Virgil

c. Horace

d. Cicero

Q16. Stoicism taught that humans should react to the world around them by

a. trying to make it better for others.

b. trying to leave it as soon as possible.

c. maximizing their own pleasure as much as possible.

d. accepting it for what it was.

Q17. Cicero's On the Laws states that all human beings

a. have an equal capacity to learn.

b. are not equal.

c. cannot attain virtue.

d. need not learn the principles of right living.

Q18. The ________________ were the four Roman officials responsible for protecting the plebeians' interests.

a. tribunes

b. lectors

c. consuls

d. centuriae

Q19. The _______________ was the center of the typical Roman town or city.

a. aqueduct

b. rostrum

c. forum

d. amphitheater

Q20. Stoicism, which arose as a philosophical doctrine at the end of the fourth century B.C., maintained that the divine essence behind all human activity was

a. immortality.

b. reason.

c. perfection.

d. suffering.

Q21. In Hebrew, the name Jahweh (Yahweh) means he who

a. is most powerful.

b. is most loving.

c. brings into existence.

d. judges all.

Q22. Early Christianity was similar to Eastern mystery religions because it

a. recognized a Great Mother fertility goddess.

b. did not require exclusive belief of its adherents.

c. promised individual salvation to believers.

d. required a personal oath of loyalty to the Empire.

Q23. The ______________, written from about 1000 B.C. to A.D. 165, soon became the official scripture of Judaism.

a. Apocrypha

b. Hebrew scriptures

c. Pentateuch

d. Christian scriptures

Q24. The earliest form of church sculpture was the

a. caryatid.

b. sarcophagus.

c. pilaster.

d. kore.

Q25. Like the Homeric epics, biblical literature first existed as ______________ narratives.

a. written

b. Babylonian

c. oral

d. Canaanite

Q26. Which statement about the Sadducees and the Pharisees is correct?

a. Both disappeared after the Romans destroyed the Temple.

b. Both believed that the Bible needed interpretation.

c. Both were linked to services in the Temple.

d. Both accepted the same Bible as holy books.

Q27. In Exodus, Chapter 20, the Lord, having presented himself as a thick cloud, seals the covenant by giving the Israelites

a. the Ten Commandments.

b. a sacrificial lamb.

c. the Beatitudes.

d. a vision of the Christ to come.

Q28. The first king who ruled over Israel as a united people was

a. Joshua.

b. Saul.

c. David.

d. Solomon.

Q29. Most of the invaders who overran the Roman Empire beginning in the fifth century were ______________ in origin.

a. Arabic

b. Germanic

c. French

d. Persian

Q30. From the third century A.D., Christian communities called ______________ had been founded in remote places, emphasizing an ascetic lifestyle, common worship, and mutual service.

a. monasteries

b. basilicas

c. cathedrals

d. churches

Q31. Muslims observances include

a. ritual prayer five times a day.

b. a pilgrimage to Damascus.

c. a month of indulgence.

d. all of the above.

Q32. In the eyes of Muslims, Islam with its holy book, the Quran (Koran), is a reform of

a. paganism.

b. Judaism.

c. Christianity.

d. Buddhism

Q33. In what way did Islamic civilization have its greatest impact on Europe?

a. The religion of Islam spread successfully into Spain and Italy.

b. New foods and medicines were introduced into Europe.

c. European artists copied many Islamic geometrical patterns.

d. Major scientific and philosophical works were acquired from Islamic intellectuals.

Q34. A major goal of Justinian's empire was to

a. spread Roman power to the east.

b. defeat and hold back Germanic invaders.

c. defend and expand Christianity.

d. defend the West against the spread of Islam.

Q35. Islam means

a. submission to the will of God.

b. God's love and compassion.

c. facing the Day of Judgment.

d. the revelations of the Prophet.

Q36. Built at the city of Granada, the ________________ Palace marks the high point of Muslim palace construction in Spain.

a. Dome of the Rock

b. Alhambra

c. Cordoba

d. Mshatta

Q37. According to tradition, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem marks the spot where

a. Moses received the Ten Commandments.

b. Jesus delivered his Sermon on the Mount.

c. Muhammad ascended to heaven.

d. all of the above.

Q38. In the last two excerpts from the Quran, God (Allah) is referred to as

a. just.

b. merciful.

c. hateful.

d. both merciful and compassionate.

Q39. The Five Pillars of Islam are affirmation of faith, prayer, pilgrimage, fasting, and

a. converting the heathen.

b. defending the faith.

c. giving alms.

d. resurrection.

Q40. Byzantine power lasted until the eleventh century in

a. southern Italy.

b. northern Italy.

c. southern France.

d. Greece.