Q1. A teacher takes notes while watching students on the playground to see if differences in play behavior are associated with discipline problems in class. The teacher is using which of the following research methods?
a. survey
b. case study
c. experimentation
d. naturalistic observation

Q2. Research indicates that people who have heartfelt religious convictions
a. are happier than people who are non-religious.
b. are less happy than people who are non-religious.
c. are more likely to be happy than people who are non-religious.
d. are less happy than people who are non-religious because they have less community support.

Q3. Many people share a sense of economic decline today, even though
a. productivity is on the rise.
b. cost of living remains stable.
c. our society is more affluent than ever.
d. the upper class is probably smaller than previously.

Q4. Which of the following is the correct order for the five steps in the SQ3R method?
a. survey, question, recite, read, review
b. question, survey, read, recite, review
c. survey, question, review, read, recite
d. survey, question, read, recite, review

Q5. A researcher wants to determine whether diet causes children to learn better in school. In this study, the independent variable is
a. the children.
b. the type of diet.
c. the age of the children.
d. a measure of learning.

Q6. An experiment is a research method in which the investigator manipulates the ____ variable and observes whether any changes occur in a(n) ____ variable as a result.
a. control; experimental
b. experimental; control
c. independent; dependent
d. dependent; independent

Q7. Which of the following is consistent with the information presented in the textbook regarding class attendance?
a. Among successful students (grade average B or better) class attendance did not seem to matter.
b. Among unsuccessful students (grade average C- or below) class attendance did not seem to matter.
c. Even when an instructor delivers hard-to-follow lectures, it is important for all students to go to class.
d. It is only important for all students to go to class when instructors provide well-organized lectures.

Q8. An important insight that can be drawn from the research on happiness is that
a. money can buy happiness.
b. attractive people are generally happy people.
c. objective realities are not as important as subjective feelings.
d. collectivist cultures are happier than individualistic cultures.

Q9. Which of the following does the textbook cite as a weakness of biological approaches to personality?
a. lack of adequate theory
b. foresight bias
c. too much environmental influence
d. lack of attention to the role of conditioning in personality

Q10. Getting hungry upon hearing the advertising tune for a fast-food chain is an example of ____ conditioning.
a. operant
b. social
c. classical
d. emotional

Q11. ____ refers to the process of learning as one experiences the consequences of voluntary actions.
a. Operant conditioning
b. Classical conditioning
c. Social learning
d. Extinction

Q12. Compared to mental ability tests, personality tests tend to have ____ reliability.
a. higher
b. lower
c. equal
d. more variable

Q13. Central to the Freudian conceptualization of personality is
a. the effect of reward and punishment.
b. striving for superiority.
c. how people cope with their own sexual and aggressive urges.
d. the need to self-actualize.

Q14. Which of the following theoretical orientations asserts that scientific psychology should focus on the study of observable behavior?
a. humanism
b. behaviorism
c. psychoanalysis
d. structuralism

Q15. Which of the following ideas lies at the core of the concept of personality?
a. being true to oneself
b. traits shared with others
c. consistency across situations
d. being able to adjust to different situations

Q16. Two months ago, your best friend did not win a major scholarship that she had been counting on to help pay for graduate school. Now she is always fighting with you, her boyfriend, and her roommates. She is most likely using the defense mechanism called
a. regression.
b. displacement.
c. projection.
d. identification.

Q17. Mounting evidence from research indicates that stress may ____ the functioning of the immune system.
a. stimulate
b. destroy
c. suppress
d. enhance

Q18. Burnout is associated with all but which of the following?
a. increased absenteeism
b. increased sense of self-efficacy
c. reduced productivity at work
d. increased vulnerability to health problems

Q19. Approach-avoidance conflicts often produce
a. vacillation.
b. frustration.
c. aggression.
d. self-directed anger.

Q20. Whenever others expect you to conform to their expectations or perform in certain ways, you tend to experience
a. anger.
b. conflict.
c. frustration.
d. pressure.

Q21. Physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion due to work-related stress is called
a. burnout.
b. reaction formation disorder.
c. the general adaptation syndrome.
d. posttraumatic stress disorder.

Q22. One challenge faced by members of ethnic minorities in dealing with everyday discrimination is that manifestations of such discrimination are often
a. imaginary.
b. ambiguous.
c. minor.
d. consistent.

Q23. Posttraumatic stress disorder involves
a. immediate reaction to stressful war experiences.
b. stress reactions in anticipation of a traumatic event.
c. psychological disturbance due to the experience of a major traumatic event.
d. psychotic reactions to chronic stress, which emerge after one leaves the stressful environment.

Q24. After barely squeezing through Anatomy with a passing grade, you sleep 16 hours a day for the first 10 days of summer break and refuse to see any of your friends. You are in the ____ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
a. alarm
b. exhaustion
c. resistance
d. extinction

Q25. An alternative to the fight-or-flight response that may be present for females is the
a. tend-and-befriend response.
b. lock-and-load response.
c. freeze-and-free-up response.
d. cat-and-mouse response.