Q1 - Present phase of Federalis

Let's take a look at federalism. Many state that the federal government trumps the state and local governments. See the article below. What do you think about this division of powers between the states and federal government? To further this discussion, take a look at the supremacy clause. Here is some info on it that may shed some light to the discussion.

Myth 2: Federal Law Supersedes State Law

This is the Second Myth in the series: 25 Myths of the U.S. Constitution (Links to an external site.).

The belief that all federal law supersedes all state law is derived from the Supremacy Clause found in Article VI, Clause 2. This clause is one of the most misunderstood and misapplied clauses of the U.S. Constitution. Not "all" federal law supersedes State law. We must remember that the federal government's legislative powers are limited to those laws that are authorized by the Constitution. Any federal law that is not within the authorities granted are unconstitutional laws, and therefore are laws that the States do not necessarily have to worry about.

To understand what I mean, we must understand the language used in Article VI, Clause 2, as well as understand the context of the time period.

Part of the problem began when John Marshall, the fourth Chief Justice of the United States (and the justice that also wrote an opinion seizing the power of Judicial Review for the courts - Marbury v. Madison, 1803) wrote that there is a priority of national claims over state claims in his opinion regarding McCulloch v. Maryland, 1805, which upheld an act of 1792 asserting for the United States a priority of its claims over those of the States against a debtor in bankruptcy. With subsequent opinions, Marshall, Joseph Story, and many courts since, have fostered the belief that the federal courts, and laws, have total supremacy over all state courts and laws. However, this concept contradicts the 10th Amendment, which specifically states that powers not delegated to the federal government, nor prohibited to the States, belong to the States.

If the federal government has a law on the books, and the law was made under the authorities granted by the States in the United States Constitution, and a state, or city, passes a law that contradicts that constitutional federal law, the federal government's law is supreme based on The Supremacy Clause. However, if the federal law is unconstitutional because it was made outside constitutional authority, it is an illegal law, and therefore is not supreme over similar State laws.

An example of the federal government acting upon the assumption that all federal law is supreme over State law is the medical marijuana laws in California. Though I do not agree with the legalization of marijuana, even for medicinal purposes, the actual constitutional legality of the issue illustrates my point quite well.

California passed a law legalizing marijuana for medicinal purposes, but federal law has marijuana as being illegal in all applications. Therefore, using the authority of the federal government based on the Supremacy Clause, federal agents (or at least until recently) have been raiding and shutting down medical marijuana labs in California. However, there is no place in the U.S. Constitution that gives the federal government the authority to regulate drugs, nor has there been an amendment passed to grant that authority to the federal government, therefore the raids on medical Marijuana labs in California are unconstitutional actions by the federal government.

The Supremacy Clause applies only to federal laws that are constitutionally authorized. Therefore, federal drug laws are unconstitutional. As a result, California's medical marijuana laws are constitutional because they are not contrary to any constitutionally authorized federal laws.

"Contrary" is a key word in the Article VI,

Language plays an important part in the Constitution, and The Supremacy Clause is no different. The clause indicates that state laws cannot be contrary to constitutionally authorized federal laws. For example, Article I, Section 8, Clause 4 states that it is the job of the U.S. Congress to establish an uniform rule of naturalization. The word "uniform" means that the rules for naturalization must apply to all immigrants, and to all states, in the same way. If a state was to then pass a law that granted citizenship through the naturalization process in a way not consistent with federal law, the State would be guilty of violating the Supremacy Clause.

The language in Article VI, Clause 2 reveals clearly that only laws made under the authorities granted to the federal government have supremacy. Article VI, Clause 2 reads: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; . . . in pursuance of what? Of the Constitution.

Therefore, not all federal law supersedes State law. The belief that all federal law supersedes State law is a myth.

What is your opinion of the supremacy clause? How does it work in conjunction with federalism. Has this changed over time and is it different today?

Q2 - Identify the news stories that generated the most media attention in the past several years. What do those stories tell us about the way the media carries out its gatekeeping and agenda-setting functions?

Do you think the overall media environment in the United States is systematically biased? If so, in what ways? What is media bias? In a mass democracy such as the United States, what would we want the media's coverage of politics to look like?

Take a look at the current presidential election- who is the media portraying in a good or negative way. Give examples.