Part I

1. The United Nations is an international organization that promotes the idea of using diplomacy as a means of preventing war. Investigate the role of diplomacy in maintaining peace between nations. What actions might a diplomat take to encourage peace? What are some factors that may cause diplomacy to fail? Please be sure to provide specific examples in your response.

2. What types of states are most likely to become authoritarian? Why? Along the same lines, what authoritarian states have been most likely to democratize? Under what circumstances does this democratization occur and why? Based on previous findings, describe one country you think is likely to democratize in the near future.

Historians look for generalizations, and political scientists are reluctant to generalize.
Historians are reluctant to generalize, and political scientists look for generalizations.
Historians are more likely to look for comparisons than political scientists.
Historians tend to focus on nature-based explanations, and political scientists focus on nurture-based explanations.

Question 2.  Which are both true for most politicians? 
They think practically and are skeptical of power
They seek popularity and hold firm views
They offer single causes and think abstractly
They seek accuracy and offer long-term consequences

Question 3. Voting for someone who is charismatic but whose policies might not benefit you would be considered _____ behavior. 
irrational
rational
legitimate
selfish

Question 4.   _____ is the use of public office for private gain. 
Sovereignty
Corruption
Authority
Legitimacy

Question 5. The notion that we acknowledge the rightful roles of our leaders or our laws is known as _____. 
sovereignty
authority
legitimacy
monarchy

Question 6. Relating concepts in a way that connects them in an empirical manner is the basis of _____ building. 
scholarship
theory
power
culture

Question 7.A(n) _____ is an initial theory a researcher starts with to be proved with evidence. 
quantification
hypothesis
qualification
empirical

Question 8. What type of law-which was developed by medieval Catholic theologians-argues that observing nature reveals God's will? 
Natural law
Divine law
God's law
Higher law

Question 9.Under which of the following circumstances might a case be pursued as both a criminal and a civil case? 
The federal government accuses investment houses of wrongdoing and investors who lost money sue them.
Drug traffickers violate property and federal law by moving drugs across state borders.
Burglars violate federal property and the state sues them for damages.
A state accuses banks of mortgage fraud in mortgages sold to investors elsewhere in the nation.

Question 10. Which of the following is an important role of U.S. courts and their greatest contribution to governance? 
Ensure that statutory laws do not violate the constitution
Protect individual rights and liberties
Guarantee administrative usages do not get out of hand
Judicial review

Question 11. What legal agency in the United States generates reputation-based ratings of prospective federal judges? 
Judicial Ratings Bureau
Federal Bureau of Judicial Review
American Bar Association
Office of Legal Assessment

Question 12. How does the American concept of judicial review compare to the role of courts in foreign systems? 
Most countries maintain a similar process of judicial review, which evaluates federal laws against the nation's constitution.
Judicial review is more highly developed in the United States than in any other country, and Americans expect more of their courts than do other peoples.
The United States is the only developed nation to maintain the process of judicial review.
Most foreign constitutions are exempt from judicial review, stripping the courts of any power they might have in shaping legislation.

Question 13. Which of the following best articulates the stance of judicial restraint advocates? 
Judicial review is the best and only true method of checking legislative power.
The court should practice restraint in cases in which legislative acts are presented for interpretation.
Only the executive branch can restrain the court, keeping the power of judicial review in balance with the other governing branches.
Only Congress should make public policy and, unless a legislative act clearly violates the Constitution, the law should stand.

Question 14. In Lombard v. Louisiana (1963), the Warren Court supported _____, ruling that blacks who had refused to leave a segregated lunch counter could not be prosecuted. 
boycotts
sit-ins
picket lines
protests

Question 15. Countries with limits on government have usually had feudal pasts, which suggests what about the dispersion of power? 
Equal distribution of power is the only effective political structure.
Power must be distributed by the working class.
Power should be concentrated among the lower classes.
Dispersion of power is good and concentration of power is bad.

Question 16. In Europe, a cabinet is equivalent to the U.S. _____. 
administration
Congress
President
legislature

Question 17. Voters receive the most direct representation in which system? 
Parliamentary
Presidential

Electoral
Coalition

Question 18. Each division of government in a parliamentary system is headed by a _____. 
secretary
president
prime minister
minister

Part II

Question 1. Distinguish the process that a parliamentary system uses to oust a chief executive from the one available in the U.S. presidential system. 
Parliamentary systems rely on impeachment, and presidential ones rely on constructive no confidence.
Parliamentary systems use constructive no confidence, and presidential systems have the option of impeachment.
The prime minister can dissolve parliament, and the president can resign from office.
Parliamentary systems can hold a vote of no confidence and presidential ones have the option of impeachment.

Question 2. Who receives the most attention in both parliamentary and presidential systems? 
Head of state
Chief executive
The legislature
Voting citizens

Question 3. What is the role of cabinet members? 
Cabinet members assist chief executives by designing and heading their own divisions of government.
Cabinet members work independently from chief executives by heading a major executive division of government.
Cabinets members assist chief executives by heading a major executive division of government.
Cabinet members work independently from chief executives by designing and heading their own divisions of government.

Question 4.  Radicals use the term political economy instead of _____ to describe their critique of capitalism and the inequitable distribution of wealth among nations. 
Marxism
laissez-faire
public choice
Keynesian

Question 5. How do Keynesian economic policies differ from the traditional laissez-faire policies developed by Adam Smith? 
Laissez-faire advocates for "cutthroat" capitalism, and Keynesian policies seek to spread wealth equally among a nation's citizens.
Keynesian economics advocate for increased government control of economics, and traditional laissez-faire argues for a hands-free approach.
Smithian policies advocate for increased spending and stimuli for government-run businesses, and Keynesian economics argues for a hands-free approach.
The more liberal Smithian economies distribute wealth more evenly among society, and Keynesian economics tends to distribute wealth among the top 1%.

Question 6. What event is largely considered responsible for deterring Johnson's War on Poverty? 
Great Society
Vietnam War
Middle-class entitlements
Tax expenditures

Question 7. Which of the following is an increasing financial concern of the Medicare program? 
The proportion of older people in American society is increasing steadily.
Every American citizen on reaching 65 obtains Medicare, regardless of class.
Economic inequality renders Medicare more necessary for some than for others.
Wealthy Americans are taking advantage of the Medicare system.

Question 8. According to political scientist Ira Sharkansky, "All modern states are welfare states, and all welfare states are _____." 
democratic
compassionate
bureaucratic
incoherent

Question 9.How does the American welfare state compare to those of other industrialized nations? 
Much less is allocated to welfare in the United States.
Other nations allocate less to welfare than the United States.
The United States allocates about the same to welfare.
Few nations besides the United States maintain funds for welfare.

Question 10.  Investigate what historically happens to conservatives when firms are supposedly "too big to fail." 
Conservatives argue for expensive bail-out packages.
Most conservatives suggest letting the free market run its course.
Most argue against expensive stimulus packages.
They switch parties.

Question 11. Rarely the work of small bands and conspirators alone, _____ are usually the result of system collapse, which permits small but well-organized groups (often military) to take over. 
the erosion of legitimacy
acts of genocide
dictatorships
coups d'état

Question 12. Riots triggered by police beating youths, protests against globalization, and labor strikes against austerity are all examples of _____. 
purely traditional violence
issue-oriented violence
violence carried out by civilian institutions of government
coups

Question 13.  How is high unemployment relevant to civil conflict? 
Unemployed young men incline naturally to unrest.
The unemployed tend to be passive, keeping civil conflict at bay.
Unemployed mothers, desperate for their children, tend to take to the streets.
The unemployed tend to be uninformed about politics, and therefore rarely take part in civil conflict.

Question 14.Some states engage in _____, despite officially denouncing terrorism. 
sharing intelligence with nongovernmental militias
"state-sponsored terrorism"
targeting specific groups for violence
democracy

Question 15. Which of the following options best describes countries before and after revolutions? 
Before, revolutionary movements are still idealistic and convinced they will bring a better society; after seizing power, the revolutionary regime discovers it's not difficult to make an economy work.
Before, revolutionary movements are still idealistic and convinced they will bring a better society; after seizing power, the revolutionary regime discovers it's a lot harder to make an economy work than it thought.
Before, revolutionary movements believe that a truly committed regime can redo society; after seizing power, the revolutionary regime discovers its ideological ideals are impractical.
Before, revolutionary movements bomb and assassinate in an effort to overthrow corrupt governments; after seizing power, the revolutionary regime almost always finds itself being bombed and in the sights of assassins.

Question 16. Why is the Middle East currently the breeding ground for considerable terrorist activity? 
High birth rates produce many unemployed youth who are attracted to the simplistic lessons of Islamism, which has made the United States an object of hate.
Low birth rates produce too few citizens to keep the economy growing, and poverty breeds unrest.
High birth rates produce many unemployed youth who are attracted to the complex lessons of Islamism, which has made other Middle Eastern nations an object of hate.
Low birth rates produce too few citizens to keep the economy growing, and the poor are attracted to the simplistic lessons of Islamism, which has made the United States an object of hate.

Question 17. Hannah Arendt pointed out that rage is the fuel of revolution, but what is now the greatest cause of rage? 
The low level of education in developing nations
The enormous economic mismanagement in industrialized nations
The extreme violence utilized by industrialized nations against developing nations
The massive corruption now found in developing lands