Part A-

1) Which of the following statements about the Enuma Elish is NOT true?
A) A rebelling god and goddess were destroyed by Marduk.
B) Humans were created by the gods out of earth and water.
C) It is the creation myth of the people of Akkad.
D) It probably dates to about 2000 B.C.E.

2) The book of Genesis holds that:
A) there are many gods worthy of worship.
B) God created man "in his own image".
C) humans are on an equal footing with animals.
D) God created the world in seven days.

3) In the mid-1700s, the more astute natural scientists:
A) had questioned the idea that all plant and animal species had been separately created.
B) had provided a substantial body of evidence that the Earth was many millions of years old.
C) had developed the genetic theory of mutation transmission.
D) had proved the biblical account of creation.

4) Charles Darwin:
A) refused to acknowledge that Alfred Russel Wallace had any useful ideas on evolution.
B) based his ideas on evolution on data he gathered while traveling in southeast Asia.
C) argued that teleology was an integral part of all life.
D) acknowledged that there was a "Creator".

5) Fossil remains of the earliest direct human ancestors, Australopithecus and Homo habilis, have been found only in:
A) Australia.
B) Western Europe.
C) Africa.
D) Asia.

6) The remains of Homo sapiens have been found throughout:
A) Australia.
B) Africa.
C) Java.
D) Eurasia.

7) Louis and Mary Leakey selected the name Homo habilis because this hominid:
A) had an unusually large jaw bone.
B) possessed large, apelike teeth.
C) had a very small skull.
D) utilized stone tools.

8) Regarding the hominid genetic record, it is NOT true that:
A) the significant study of the record began in the early 1950s.
B) study of mitochondrial DNA has led to controversial results.
C) its study requires looking at the amount of similarity in the DNA of different hominids.
D) DNA studies have led some scientists to postulate that Homo sapiens emerged solely from Africa.

9) Homo sapiens:
A) has not changed anatomically for at least 100,000 years.
B) did not create culture until near the end of the last ice age.
C) did not coexist with Neanderthal man.
D) first appeared in the archaeological record about 400,000 years ago.

10) The "Venus" figurine pictured in the text:
A) is probably a fertility charm.
B) was made between 5,000 and 7,000 years ago.
C) indicates that the people of that era were on a near-starvation diet.
D) was found in southern Africa.

11) Which of the following stages of human development happened first?
A) domestication of animals
B) rapid brain growth
C) human migrations to America
D) development of speech

12) The first animals to be domesticated in the "Fertile Crescent" were:
A) llamas and turkeys.
B) dogs.
C) goats and sheep.
D) pigs and cattle.

13) The use of ceramics is usually an indicator that the owners were:
A) village dwellers.
B) nomadic.
C) traders.
D) relatively unskilled.

14) The earliest staple crops in central India included:
A) rice.
B) legumes.
C) yams.
D) gourds.

15) Of the following, which is located farthest from the Fertile Crescent?
A) western Iranian plateau
B) Red Sea
C) Mediterranean Sea
D) Tigris River

16) Urbanization began latest:
A) along the Indus River.
B) along the Niger River.
C) along the Nile River.
D) in Mesopotamia.

17) The Sumerians:
A) were eventually displaced by the Ubaid peoples.
B) dominated Mesopotamia for nearly a millennium.
C) originally came from Northern Africa.
D) were eventually conquered by Alexander the Great.

18) The city-states of Mesopotamia were especially vulnerable due to:
A) inability to grow enough food to adequately feed their populations.
B) inter-urban warfare.
C) their lack of organized armies.
D) powerful external enemies.

19) In Sumer after about 2800 B.C.E., members of this group ruled in conjunction with kings:
A) rich artisans.
B) temple priests.
C) large landowners.
D) peasants' representatives.

20) The economies of the villages that developed along the Nile River were based on:
A) cereal agriculture.
B) commercial trade.
C) warfare.
D) fishing.

21) In ancient Egypt:
A) the Red Sea was to the north.
B) Nubia was to the south.
C) most pyramids were located near the fifth cataract.
D) Upper Egypt was to the north.

22) The Rosetta Stone:
A) did not have its significance recognized until the mid-twentieth century.
B) contains three types of writing.
C) was found in the Valley of the Kings in southern Egypt.
D) was discovered by an expedition led by Richelieu.

23) Horus:
A) became the main god of the pharaohs.
B) represented the southern portion of Egypt.
C) ruled the underworld.
D) was the father of Osiris.

24) The early twentieth century excavations of the Harappan civilization in the Indus valley reveal that it likely:
A) had many small towns, but no cities.
B) began around 4500 B.C.E.
C) was originated by Aryan immigrants from Persia.
D) developed independently from civilizations in Mesopotamia.

25) Which of the following is NOT one of the four legacies of Harappa described in the text?
A) Aryan invaders adopted some of the Indus valley agricultural techniques.
B) Aryan invaders may have adopted some religious ideas of the Indus valley civilization.
C) Aryan invaders adopted some of the settlement characteristics of the Indus valley civilization.
D) Aryan invaders nearly completely destroyed the Indus valley civilization.

Part B-

1) According to Thomas Kuhn, how does science normally progress?

2) Compare and contrast the toolkit used by hunter-gatherers with that used by farmers.

3) Compare the probable rights and powers of women in the typical pre-urban village with those of women living in the typical urban Sumerian city. Did the establishment of cities help women overall, or did it hurt them? Explain?