Multiple Choice Questions:
Part A -
1. Parens patriae means ________.
a. the state has the right and responsibility to take control over children from their natural parents
b. children are not wards of the state
c. children are the responsibility of families
d. children's interests are second to social interests
2. The juvenile court was established in ________.
a. 1899
b. 1898
c. 1900
d. 1905
3. ________ are juvenile institutions that emphasized formal training and were administered by municipal and state governments in the mid-1800s.
a. Reform schools
b. Disposition depots
c. Parens patriae
d. Stocks
4. The post-Depression era spawned large detention facilities such as ________.
a. Old Bailey
b. Adams House
c. Child Savers
d. The Youth House
5. A status offender is a juvenile ________.
a. who commits an offense that would be considered a crime if he were an adult
b. adjudicated as delinquent
c. who commits an offense that is only considered a crime because of his age
d. who shoplifts
6. This person was involved in the Massachusetts experiment.
a. Granville Stanley Hall
b. William Forbush
c. Jane Addams
d. Jerome Miller
7. The first comprehensive attempt at codifying laws was the ________.
a. Code of Draco
b. Byzantine Code
c. Hebrew Code
d. Hammurabic Code
8. The home that tried to rescue vagrant girls from lives of prostitution was known as ________.
a. House of Refuge
b. Public Asylum
c. Elmira Reformatory
d. Hulks
9. The goals of the Racine Cohort study include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. identify those persons who were more likely to engage in delinquency.
b. identify those who stopped committing crimes.
c. identify serious violent offenders.
d. identify those who continued their criminal careers into adulthood.
10. The Cambridge study found that the best childhood predictors included all of the following EXCEPT:
a. convicted parents
b. childhood antisocial behavior
c. poor child rearing practices
d. being middle class
11. The research by Loeber and Farrington of very young children in delinquency identified all of the following "early warning signs" EXCEPT:
a. physical fighting
b. cruelty to animals
c. popularity
d. substance abuse
12. Violent Index crimes include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. kidnapping
b. murder
c. robbery
d. aggravated assault
13. Figures from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health reveal that more teens abuse ________.
a. prescription drugs
b. alcohol
c. tobacco
d. None of the above.
14. Which of the following aims to uncover unreported crimes?
a. UCR
b. NIBRS
c. NCVS
d. NIC
15. Which of the following is featured in delinquency research?
a. birth cohorts
b. surveys
c. UCR
d. self reports
16. This cohort included two birth cohorts designed to determine the effects of growing up in the 60s and 70s.
a. Racine
b. Philadelphia
c. Columbus
d. Pennsylvania
17. ________theories state that a child's individuality cannot be separated from his or her interactions in a group.
a. Social
b. Subcultural
c. Deterrence
d. Psychosocial
18. Cloward and Ohlin have identified all of the following subcultures EXCEPT:
a. criminal
b. social
c. conflict
d. retreatist
19. When juveniles are labeled as probable delinquents, though they are not, this can result in a ________.
a. false negative
b. positive
c. false positive
d. negative
20. All except which of the following conditions characterize a child as a dependent?
a. The child has been abandoned.
b. The child is of college age.
c. The child is abused or neglected.
d. The child is in need of custodial treatment in a treatment facility.
21. The ________definition of delinquency primarily involves the views of family, friends and community regarding a child's behavior.
a. Punitive
b. Political
c. Social
d. Rehabilitative
22. Miller uses the concept of focal concerns which include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. intelligence
b. autonomy
c. excitement
d. fate
23. As businesses expand into one area from a central zone and as zoning laws change to accommodate them, some residents who can afford to leave do so. This is known as ________.
a. zone in transition
b. social disorganization
c. reaction formation
d. cultural determinism
24. All are risk factors associated with juvenile violence EXCEPT:
a. age
b. popularity
c. race
d. risk taking behaviors
25. Who coined the term "insulated"?
a. Miller
b. Beccaria
c. Cohen
d. Reckless
Part B -
1. About one-half of informal cases are ________.
a. handled
b. prosecuted
c. send to juvenile court
d. dismissed
2. ________ are offenses that, although committed by a juvenile, are so serious that state statute declares the juvenile will be treated as an adult.
a. Statutorily excluded
b. Prosecutorial discretion
c. Consent decree
d. Formal probation
3. A formal petition seeking to adjudicate the juvenile delinquent that states the charges against the juvenile.
a. Informal decree
b. Delinquency petition
c. Aftercare decree
d. Formal decree
4. In small communities who may be the person assigned to juvenile cases in an attempt to follow juvenile crime closely?
a. the administrator
b. the chief
c. special units
d. technical units
5. One type of petition is ________.
a. delinquency
b. technical
c. specialized
d. formal
6. If all screening or diversionary actions have been exhausted, the juvenile will be referred to the juvenile court for a ________.
a. disposition
b. formal charging
c. trial
d. referral
7. In response to delinquency petition, a(n) ________ is scheduled.
a. trial
b. adjudicatory hearing
c. dispositional hearing
d. aftercare hearing
8. Which of the following is similar to adult parole?
a. probation
b. rehabilitation
c. aftercare
d. adjudication
9. ________means leave kids alone whenever possible.
a. Radical intervention
b. Radical nonintervention
c. Decriminalization
d. Radical decriminalization
10. ________is the test of a juvenile's rights when considering whether the juvenile's statements were voluntary.
a. Arresting rights
b. Miranda rights
c. Access to care
d. Fundamental fairness
11. A "warrantless" search is justified for all of the following EXCEPT:
a. The search is incident to lawful arrest.
b. The officer obtains consent from the chief.
c. It is necessary to prevent the destruction or removal of vital evidence.
d. An "on-the-street "stop and frisk occurs.
12. In this case, the court ruled that a suspect must be advised of his or her rights.
A. Miranda v. Arizona
B. Terry v. Ohio
C. Haley v. Ohio
D. None of the above.
13. What occurs after a report is filed in a neglect case?
a. investigation
b. intake
c. arrest
d. parents are called
14. All are forms of street corner justice EXCEPT:
a. a warning
b. a ride home
c. a photo
d. meeting with parents
15. Which case ruled that despite language difficulties, statements made by a juvenile are admissible as long as a waiver of rights is given by the juvenile?
a. Haley v. Iowa
b. Hadley v. Ohio
c. United States v. Bernard S.
d. Haley v. Ohio
16. What is the standard action when the investigation clearly indicates that a juvenile is not responsible for the delinquency charged but released?
a. remanded
b. reviewed
c. detained
d. exonerated
17. The first role of the police in control functions include which of the following?
a. detection
b. investigation
c. arrest
d. All of the above.
18. One of the major judgment calls by members of officialdom is ________.
a. classification of the manners
b. classification of appropriate divisions
c. classification of the actor
d. None of the above.
19. After the decision on institutionalization is made, a________ comes into play.
a. adjudication
b. custody assessment
c. medical assessment
d. None of the above.
20. Classification in the assessment stage relates to which type of decision?
a. victim
b. detention
c. time
d. relationship
21. This is data recorded about the juvenile during the intake process.
a. assessment
b. separation
c. face sheet
d. set determination
22. The practice of separation has become identified with ________.
a. recidivism
b. salvation
c. accommodation
d. classification
23. The first major correctional institution for juveniles was ________.
a. New York Reformatory at Elmira
b. Assessment for Institutional Learning
c. Boys Town
d. None of the above.
24. ________involves 2 basic levels of decisions made: placement and custody assessments.
a. Classification for management
b. Community assessment centers
c. Institutional classification
d. None of the above.
25. ________assesses the seriousness of current and past offenses plus the youth's potential for recidivism.
a. Needs assessment
b. Risk assessment
c. Classification
d. Declassification
Part C -
1. All of the following are court decisions established regarding juvenile detention EXCEPT:
a. preventive detention of juveniles awaiting adjudication is constitutional.
b. preventive detention of at-risk juveniles awaiting adjudication.
c. a probable cause hearing must be conducted before detention is continued.
d. holding accused status offenders in adult jails prior to adjudication is unconstitutional.
2. Which of the following is a primary issue for incarcerated juveniles?
a. mail and censorship
b. dress codes
c. personal appearance
d. All of the above.
3. The new substantive rights include all EXCEPT:
a. the right to refuse an unwanted service.
b. the right to make or participate in choices that affect one's life.
c. the right to choose their facility.
d. the right to be free from unnecessary restriction in individual development.
4. What was the basic principle of the Duke of Beufort v. Berty case?
a. individualized justice for youth
b. concept of parens patriae
c. children should not be confined
d. children should be treated differently than adults
5. The National Probation Association's Annual Conference in 1923 proposed which act?
a. Uniform Juvenile Court Act 1968
b. Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act 1974
c. Standard Juvenile Court Act
d. None of the above.
6. Grievance procedures set up to guide operations include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. prompt investigation of grievances
b. long process to present grievances to staff
c. taking a final action
d. Both a and b are correct.
7. ________means that juveniles have same rights as other citizens but these rights are not always honored.
a. Exclusionary rule
b. Probable cause
c. Unlimited extent
d. None of the above.
8. The Fifth Amendment protects juveniles from ________.
a. jury trials
b. false confession
c. self-incrimination
d. interrogation
9. ________means that probation officers protect community via aggressive enforcement of conditions.
a. Building community-based partnerships
b. Obtaining sufficient resources
c. Holding offenders accountable
d. Implementing results-based and outcome-driven services and practices
10. ________means that the case does not reach the formal hearing stage, not that court has not been involved.
a. Diversion
b. Probation
c. Pre-judicial
d. Pre-formal
11. The factor of probation supervision that means an officer must keep in touch with juvenile parent and school is ________.
a. surveillance
b. casework
c. intake screening
d. accountability
12. The basic set of juvenile probation functions includes ________.
a. intake screening of cases referred
b. court-ordered release of juvenile
c. disposition investigation
d. analyzing arrest report
13. ________purpose was to allow the defendant to have time to appeal a case to the Crown.
a. Recognizance
b. Benefit of clergy
c. Judicial reprieve
d. Prosecutorial discretion
14. Due to the humanitarianism of John Augustus, the nation's first probation law was passed in ________.
a. Illinois
b. Massachusetts
c. New York
d. Pennsylvania
15. The officer who perceives his/her role as guardian of middle class morality is called the ________officer.
a. punitive
b. protective
c. passive
d. welfare
16. The officer who sees the job as requiring only minimum effort is called the ________officer.
a. punitive
b. protective
c. passive
d. welfare
17. ________determined constitutional rights of incarcerated minors have been violated.
a. Morales v. Turman
b. Maryland v. Thurman
c. National Council on Crime and Delinquency
d. Morrissey v. Turman
18. The types of punishment include ________.
a. actual physical punishment
b. emotional punishment
c. diversification
d. None of the above.
19. What is one of the seven essential characteristics of juvenile detention defined by the American Correctional Association Detention Committee?
a. temporary custody
b. treatment centers
c. reform schools
d. cottage schools
20. Recommendations for juvenile detention facilities include ________.
a. secure custody with no physical care
b. the detention facility should be in a residential area and near court and community services
c. nonsecure custody with treatment units
d. secure custody with no treatment units
21. ________became the first real American response to juvenile problem.
a. Houses of refuge
b. Elmira Reformatory
c. New York City House of Refuge
d. Lyman School for Boys
22. Reform school managers and institutional superintendents emphasized ________.
a. physical conditioning
b. college prep courses
c. discretionary release
d. physical punishment
23. ________was the first state reform school for boys.
a. Lyman School for Boys
b. Elmira Reformatory
c. Houses of refuge
d. Cottage reform schools
24. ________for housing institutionalized juveniles continues to be the most popular form in use today.
a. Reform schools
b. Cottage reform schools
c. Houses of refuge
d. Elmira Reformatory
25. The emphasis on ________, which pervades the adult institutions, also shapes the general environment of juvenile detention facilities.
a. detention
b. apprehension
c. custody
d. credibility
Part D -
1. Traditionally, juveniles have demonstrated high recidivism rates on ________.
a. vacation
b. parole
c. school break
d. None of the above.
2. Who is responsible for recommending discharge of a juvenile?
a. the juvenile's parole officer
b. society
c. the judge
d. None of the above.
3. ________dealt with standard practices regarding parole revocation.
a. Morrisey v. Baxter
b. Morrissey v. Brewer
c. Morrison v. Brewer
d. Morrison v. Baxter
4. The basic legal issues with parole conditions may include all of the following EXCEPT:
a. conditions affect basic constitutional freedoms
b. conditions often automatically and indiscriminately applied
c. conditions difficult to comply with
d. All of the above are basic legal issues with parole conditions
5. ________is generally administered on a statewide basis by the agency that is responsible for providing institutional services.
a. Parole
b. Inmate
c. Probation
d. Status offense
6. Aftercare services include ________.
a. court efforts of classification
b. assist punishment of juvenile
c. assist youth in community reentry
d. assist court in classifying juvenile
7. Policy considerations that should be evaluated prior to granting parole include ________.
a. cost of juveniles to stay in institution
b. need for additional punishment
c. behavior in institution
d. cost to treat juveniles
8. One of the basic functions of aftercare is ________.
a. classifying offender for court
b. increase in further delinquent acts
c. rehabilitation and reintegration of juvenile in community
d. assist in further punishment of juvenile
9. The long-range goal of parole is to ________.
a. assist parolees in coping with problems when released
b. assist development of juvenile's ability to be independent and make correct choices
c. protect society from juveniles
d. None of the above.
10. Primitive tribes were known to have used the practice of to settle quarrels with
one another.
a. adoption
b. common law
c. hierarch
d. None of the above.
11. Problems in adoption law include
a. immediate placement
b. single home placements
c. support from natural parents
d. multiple home placements
12. One of the sets of laws that have left many children unadopted are ________.
a. laws that preserve rights of natural parents
b. laws that do not pay people who foster children
c. laws that do not give rights to birth parents
d. None of the above.
13. ________has been shown to be a major factor in forming a child's ego.
a. Good education
b. An unstable family background
c. A stable and secure home environment
d. High socioeconomic status
14. ________is/are meant to be a place where adequate peer relationships can be formed.
a. Group homes
b. Foster care
c. Halfway houses
d. Adoption
15. The research from the Developmental Victimization Survey determined all of the following EXCEPT:
a. physical assaults, bullying and teasing.
b. sexual victimization.
c. child maltreatment.
d. lack of demographic differences.
16. Child-related problems include all EXCEPT:
a. parent-child conflict.
b. child-sibling conflict.
c. emotional disturbance.
d. emotional handicap.
17. Parent-related problems include all EXCEPT:
a. treatment.
b. parental rejection.
c. child neglect.
d. child abuse.
18. Which model merges the selection and socialization models?
a. selection
b. enhancement
c. socialization
d. contagion
19. This model assumes that gang joiners' offending profiles are similar to other youths' ________.
a. selection
b. enhancement
c. socialization
d. contagion
20. It has been cited that gang migration ________.
a. is a major problem
b. leads to enhanced self-esteem
c. provides stability
d. grants wealth
21. Features of female gang members include all but which of the following?
a. more likely to have witnessed physical violence in their homes
b. often sees the gang as a refuge from victimization
c. less prone to delinquency
d. have experienced multiple family problems
22. Effects of social disorganization and economic marginalization on African American gangs include all but which of the following?
a. unemployment
b. car jacking
c. drug use
d. decreased the control of community institutions
23. This element of the OJJDP Comprehensive Gang Model included development and implementation of policies and procedures that result in the most effective use of available and potential sources within and across agencies to better address the gang problem.
a. community mobilization
b. social intervention
c. provision of opportunities
d. organizational change and development
24. The gang suppression element of the Boston Gun Project was known as ________.
a. the "pulling levers" strategy
b. curfew
c. Operation Ceasefire
d. drug testing
25. Research on Asian gangs reveal that they believe ________.
a. that they would not need to work
b. society treated them unjustly
c. they are less prone to delinquency
d. None of the above.