Mrs Chan has been bought in by ambulance following a fall at home, where she fractured her hip. She believes she fell around 10pm last night, and was unable to get up to seek help. Her daughter found her still on the floor this morning at 6.00am and called the ambulance.

Mrs Chan's past medical history includes: Urinary incontinence, Osteoporosis Compression fractures to her spine due osteoporosis, Removal of a Stage II melanoma, in 2006.

Regular medications:

Fosamax, Vitamin D, Calcium, Fentanyl patch, PRN endone

Further Information:

Mrs Chan had a Stage II melanoma removed in 2006 and the tissue was sent to pathology for testing. The pathology report came back stating the tumour showed signs of dysplasia.

(a) The four major types of cellular adaptation are hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia. Briefly describe each of these types of cellular adaptation