Modern Clothing, Inc., and National Denim Corporation use the mark "Made by Members of the U.S. Textile Workers Union" on the tags of their products to indicate the participation of the union in the manufacture. Modern and National are not in business together and do not own this mark. The mark is

a. a certification mark.
b. a collective mark.
c. a service mark.
d. trade dress.


In 2011, Sara writes Terror at the Track, a novel about racecar driving. Sara does not register the work with the appropriate government office. Under federal copyright law, Sara's work is protected

a. for ten years.
b. for twenty years.
c. for the life of the author plus seventy years.
d. forever.


Ross e-mails Super Surfboard Company's marketing campaign to Summer Sports Corporation, Super's competitor, without its permission. This is

a. a sneaky but legal method to shock a business rival.
b. a secretive but lawful way to exact revenge on a supervisor.
c. a simple, legitimate attempt to create a job opportunity.
d. a theft of trade secrets.