Knowledge of common and medical anatomical terminology and ability to use medical terminology appropriately in context of providing specific health care services:

Includes medical names of structures when describing the motor and sensory pathways of the central and peripheral nervous system

Describes the normal motor function of the left frontal lobe

Identifies the anatomical structures impacted by cataracts and glaucoma

Describes the anatomical area affected by emphysema

Describes the structures of the glomerulus that contribute to maintenance of glomerular filtration pressure

Includes the organ names when discussing hormone production and anatomical targets

Knowledge of normal structure and physiology of body systems, and the ability to explain relevant aspects of the structure and function of body systems in reference to specific health care services to be provided

Knowledge of causes of disease, and ability to explain common problems associates with various body systems.

Knowledge of various body processes, including metabolism, body temperature regulation, biological maturation and aging

Ability to explain the potential impacts of a range of factors (internal - eg. mental or emotional; and external - eg. specific interventions) in relation to identified body systems

Relates the unilateral motor deficit to the motor pathway from the CNS to the PNS

Discusses the location of sensory areas of the brain and rationalises why sensation would not be affected due to a frontal lobe injury

Describes the signs and symptoms of cataracts and glaucoma

Describes possible causes of cataracts and glaucoma

Describes the physiological processes that generate glomerular pressure

Discusses the steps involved in red cell homeostasis

Describes how red cell homeostasis is impeded due to kidney failure

Discusses treatments for cataracts and glaucoma

Ability to explain structure and function of body systems in relation to specific health care services to be provided, including key factors necessary to maintain health function of body systems

Ability to recognise variations from normal function within various body systems and determine an appropriate response in relation to referral to appropriate health professionals.

Demonstrated knowledge of the steps to take in relation to possessing the ability to seek assistance from appropriate health professionals in the case of variations from normal function within a patient

Discusses the factors that contribute to barrel chest and relates this to the impact on the first stage of respiration

Applies the abnormalities that occur due to COPD to the effects on the four stages of respiration

Describes the four stages of ventilation including:
• the relationship between chest wall, muscle movement and breathing during the first stage of respiration
• diffusion of gases during the second and fourth stages of respiration
• mode of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport during the third stage of respiration

Accurately describes the homeostasis mechanisms maintained by the hormones, anti-diuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone, including:
• Site of hormone production
• Disruption to homeostasis that triggers release
• Target organ for each hormone
• Actions of each hormone
• End result of the hormones action

Describes the role of allied health professionals providing pulmonary rehabilitation during treatment of emphysema

Provides at least three examples of how pulmonary rehabilitation would enhance patient wellbeing after diagnosis of COPD

A patient has experienced a bleed in the left frontal lobe of their brain. Describe the changes that are likely to affect motor function after this bleed.

Why would there be no deficit in sensory function?

The Special Senses

Discuss the difference between cataracts and glaucoma. Include in your answer a description of what causes each condition, what symptoms may present and what current treatments are available.

A cataract is a clouding of the lens that affects vision in the eye. Cataracts are found in the lens which lies behind the iris and pupil. The lens is made up of and mostly consists of water and protein. The protein works in a way that keeps the lens clear and allows light to pass through to the retina as we get older some of that protein can begin to clump togetherand start to cloud a small area of the lens and reduce the amount of light that reaches the retina.Cataracts which result from this process can cause vision to become hazy and distorted.Cataracts mayslowlycontinue to growover timebecoming larger and clouding more of the lens and makesit evenmore difficult to see which can result in totalblindness in the effected eye. The risks factors for forming cataracts are age, frequent exposure to intense sunlight, heavy smoking and diabetes mellitus. The most common symptoms in patients with cataracts include cloudy or blurred vision, colours seem faded, poor night vision, double vision,seeing multiple images, glare and sunlight appearing to bright. The current treatment for cataracts is new prescription glasses designed for cataracts, magnifying lenses, brighter lightening it this doesn't help there is a more effective treatment which involvessurgicalremoval of the lensand replacement which involves implanting ofartificial lens.(National Eye institute, 2009)

Glaucoma is a disease process that is associated with elevated intraocular pressure inside the eye. Intraocular pressure is increased when too much aqueous humor (fluid) is produced in the eye or when the drainage of the aqueous fluid builds up and becomes blockedwhich leads to levels of increased intraocular pressure in the eye and compressing the retina and optic (eye) nerve. Glaucoma can gradually lead and result to loss of vision and blindness due to the optic nerve becoming permanently damaged. There are many different types of glaucoma which include: exfoliate (pseudoexfoliation) glaucoma,pigmentry glaucoma, normal or low tension (pressure), angle-closure glaucoma, chronic open- angle glaucoma (coag) and many more. Majority of these types are classified into ether open-angle or angle closure glaucoma. There is usually no symptoms in the early stages but regular eye examinations can help prevent this. Symptoms of glaucoma usually occur when it'stoo late and vision loss has already begun. Patients with open - angle and coag usually have no symptoms in the early stages tho some may experience haziness of vision, see haloes around lightsand visual loss in later stages. Patients with acute angle- closure can experience severe eye pain, visual blurring, and redness in the eye, headaches and even nausea and vomiting. Once there is nerve damage and visual impairment to the eye from glaucoma it is usually irreversible. However the disease treatment can be controlled by the patient having to use of eye drops or surgery and laser treatment.(Dahl, 2013)

Chronic Kidney Disease

Discuss the effects of blood pressure on glomerular filtration

Why are patients with chronic kidney disease often anaemic? What is the under-lying cause of this?

Hormonal Regulation

Aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide and anti-diuretic hormone all play a role in the regulation of water, electrolytes and blood pressure. Discuss each hormone covering the following:

1. Where is the hormone produced?
2. What triggers the release of the hormone?
3. What is the target organ/cell of the hormone?
4. What action does the hormone bring about?
5. What is the end result of this action?

You may choose to answer this in a table format or in sections.

COPD

If a patient has emphysema, which body system does this condition affect?

Emphysema (or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) affects the respiratory systems (the lungs).

The doctor has written ‘patient has a barrel chest'. Define this term and discuss how this develops. Why would a barrel chest impair ventilation?

Barrel chest on a patient is described as a rounded, bulging chest that looks like a shape of a barrel it isn't classified as a disease but can be a result of an underlying condition such as COPD. People who have COPD like emphysema develop a slight barrel chest as the disease progresses into the later stages. A barrel chest can impair ventilation because the rib cage stays partially expanded all the time as the oxygen in the lungs are chronically overinflated. Thereforethis makes breathingless efficientand aggravates a shortness of breath.

Describe in detail what occurs in each of the four stages of respiration. Which of these stages does COPD impact on and how does the disease impair normal function?

On discharge, the respiratory physician recommends referral for pulmonary rehabilitation. Explain why this would be important for the patient to attend