In theory, liberal and communist just societies promise to enhance the wellbeing of all. However, in practice, both have not worked out so well. In advanced liberal economies around the world, the economic inequality has grown drastically. Communism has never been realized, though, most communist regimes have collapsed; even communist China is now increasingly capitalistic.

Perhaps a just society is an illusion (a wish-driven belief) (Freud). With this in mind, someone may argue that it is not the system of governance that determines whether a society is just or not, but human nature. The human instinct to dominate remains regardless of how society is formulated (Fraud). In contrast, other may say, that no one can be certain what in fact human nature is. Perhaps human beings will eventually be able to build a just society for all -- a society in which everyone is treated with dignity (Kant) and able to fulfill their natural potentials (Aristotle, class notes), and in which cruelty, egoism and greed do not exist.