If you want a question that provides a numerical score for each participant, you will likely choose which of these answer formats?.
a. interview
b. open-ended
c. Likert scale
d. restricted

Dr. Smyth is testing to see whether preschool children learn new words faster with pictures or objects. He wants to test each child under both conditions. He decides half of the children should do pictures first, then objects and the other half should do objects first, then pictures. Why does he use this counterbalanced design?
a. To check the manipulation is working
b. To control for a confound of order
c. So children do not get bored
d. To eliminate the need for random assignment

A researcher would like to compare the effectiveness of two different methods for teaching third-grade mathematics. One group of students is assigned to Dr. Smith's class using method I and another group is assigned to Dr. Jones' class using method II. At the end of the school year, each child is given a standardized mathematics achievement test and the two groups of scores are compared to see which method produced a better outcome. What is the externalizing, and potentially confounding, variable in this study?
a. the teachers
b. nothing; there is no extraneous or confounding variable in this study.
c. the standardized test
d. the teaching methods

A researcher tests whether the cuteness rating of two different colored puppies differs with the gender of the participants rating them. Results show the puppies themselves don't get different ratings, that males and females don't rate differently overall, but that women rate the brown puppy with a much higher cuteness score than the black puppy, but men do the opposite--they rate the black puppy as much cuter than the brown. Which of the following best describes this finding?
a. There is is a significant main effect of gender.
b. There is a significant effect of puppy color
c. None of the effects are likely to be significant.
d. There is a significant interaction between the gender and puppy color

Order effects can be controlled so that you don't have to worry about them being a confound by using a ____.
a. stratified random sampling.
b. factorial design using a participant variable (such as age) as a second factor
c. counterbalanced within-subjects design
d. the other three choices can each be used to eliminate confounding order effects