I read the Elias paper on liability of trade associations. She hinged it on control. In medical cases, particularly US v. AMA and Wilk V. AMA, which are antitrust cases, the control was exercised by peer pressure subsequently by boards of medicine. Another antitrust case, Goldfarb v. Virginia State Bar which was cited by Wilk, finds any enforced guideline mandatory and the enforcement need not come from the same organization.

It seems that there needs to be some synergism here that should be recognized. Have a great day, Eric Pritchard