How is a forum-selection clause related to questions of personal jurisdiction?

a. The two are not related at all.

b. The forum-selection clause will be valid only if it names a jurisdiction that would have personal jurisdiction over the parties to the contract even in the absence of the forum-selection clause.

c. Forum-selection clauses are attempts by some parties to contracts to take away
jurisdictional rights from the other party, and are generally found to be invalid.

d. A forum-selection clause will specify which courts have personal jurisdiction over the parties to the contract, and for disputes related to the particular contract, the forum-selection clause will control over the general jurisdiction rules.

e. Forum-selection clauses are usually enacted by one party to select a jurisdiction most favorable to that party, thus they are effective only if, after a lawsuit has been filed, the defendant in the action agrees to jurisdiction as provided in the clause.