Hideous crimes against humanity include the Holocaust i Nazi Germany, the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia, and the tribal massacres in Rwanda. According to the textbook, there are two different ways of explaining such crimes. One of these explanations, the normalist thesis, holds that:

a. evolutionary pressures selected for humans who can harm others

b. the media have made violence commonplace

c. under certain circumstances, almost anyone has the capacity to harm others

d. only highly sadistic, desperate, or ethnocentric people harm others