Following testable research questions, which variable is the independent variable, and which is the dependent variable?

1. Does eating unhealthy foods affect the physical growth of children?
Dependent variable:
Independent variable:

2. Does having an orientation in community college decrease student retention rate?
Dependent variable:
Independent variable:

3. Does lecithin decrease brainpower in high school students?
Dependent variable:
Independent variable:

4. Does listening to classical music improve study skills?
Dependent variable:
Independent variable:

5. Does taking vitamin E increase the number of bruises a person gets?
Dependent variable:
Independent variable:

6. Does arresting batterers cause more harm to battered women than not arresting batterers?
Dependent variable:
Independent variable:

7. Does homeschooling children decrease their social skills?
Dependent variable:
Independent variable:

8. Is humanistic psychology more effective than psychoanalysis with schizophrenics?
Dependent variable:
Independent variable:

9. Do men show more violent behaviors when it is hot than do women?
Dependent variable:
Independent variable:

10. Does eating while standing make people obese?
Dependent variable:
Independent variable: