Exam: 500616RR - Moral Philosophy and Business

1. Which of the following is a correct statement?
A. Etiquette is socially correct behavior.
B. Moral behavior must follow the standards of etiquette.
C. Rules of etiquette are moral in character.
D. Any professional code is also a moral code.

2. A person who is a(n) _______ would believe that market relations should be totally unrestricted.
A. libertarian
B. communist
C. egoist
D. ethical economist

3. Which of the following is a correct statement about divine command theory?
A. According to the divine command theory, an action is considered to be immoral because God has forbidden it.
B. According to the divine command theory, people are moral if they're religiously faithful.
C. According to the divine command theory, all moral standards are decrees given directly by God.
D. According to the divine command theory, what God proclaims is absolutely, precisely, and inherently true.

4. Which one of the following statements about moral standards is not correct?
A. Moral standards relate to behavior of serious consequence in human life.
B. Moral standards take priority over all other standards, including self-interest.
C. Moral standards have priority over all other standards, except self-interest.
D. Moral standards are valid to the extent that the arguments for them are valid.

5. Inequalities can be justified only if they work to the advantage of the least advantaged group. According to John Rawls, this controversial idea is known as the _______ principle.
A. equality
B. justice
C. derivative
D. difference

6. According to Professor V. R. Ruggiero, three common concerns that arise in the context of trying to make ethical decisions are ________, effects, and ideals.
A. purpose
B. interests
C. facts
D. obligations

7. Which of the following statements regarding conformity is correct?
A. Psychologist Solomon Asch's experiments demonstrated the concept of groupthink.
B. According to Asch, people who conform are happier than nonconformists.
C. Evidence suggests that people strongly resist going along with others.
D. Evidence suggests that people are easily influenced to go along with others.

8. A government's right to claim private property against the owner's will is called the power of
A. social justice.
B. moral authority of government.
C. economic redistribution.
D. eminent domain.

9. When people with different interests are trying to find common ground for a moral decision, the first productive step would be
A. determining the motives of the participating parties.
B. deciding how to defend the group's decision to upper-level management.
C. reaching an agreement on the facts that bear on the matter.
D. agreeing to disagree about moral standards in favor of endorsing the best available practical option.

10. The theory that what's right is determined by what a society or culture says is right is known as
A. ethical relativism.
B. social diversity.
C. socialism.
D. divine command theory.

11. According to Robert Nozick's _______ theory, people may hold goods, money, and property, using and disposing of them as they wish, provided that they're acquired fairly.
A. property
B. entitlement
C. liberal
D. justice

12. The theory of psychological egoism maintains that the sole motivator of human behavior is
A. personal self-interest.
B. pleasure.
C. immediate advantage.
D. collective self-interest.

13. Two friends are discussing the utilitarian moral philosophy. Sarah says that because utilitarians evaluate actions in terms of their outcomes, almost any action might be considered morally correct under some set
of circumstances. Eileen points out that utilitarians acknowledge that one can't know the future consequences of one's actions. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Only Sarah is correct.
B. Only Eileen is correct.
C. Both are correct.
D. Neither one of the two is correct.

14. In Kant's ethical philosophy, will (as the term applies to good will) is best described as
A. selection.
B. the human capacity to make voluntary decisions.
C. intention.
D. the human capacity to act from principle.

15. Among the four kinds of law, _______ is/are laws enacted by legislative bodies.
A. administrative regulations
B. statutes
C. constitutional law
D. common law

16. According to your textbook, a business may be defined as any organization that
A. requires labor.
B. creates good or services for human use.
C. distributes wealth.
D. offers goods or services for profit.

17. Critics of _______ argue that the philosophy ignores blatant wrongs such as theft or murder.
A. libertarianism
B. egoism
C. utilitarianism
D. Kant's moral theory

18. Which of the following statements about the libertarian view of justice and economic distribution is not correct?
A. Libertarians view liberty as freedom from interference by others.
B. Liberty takes priority over all other moral concerns.
C. Libertarians reject utilitarianism.
D. Libertarians are willing to restrict the liberty of some to promote the common good.

19. For economists, successive additions to a person's income produce, on average, less happiness or satisfaction than did earlier additions. This theory is referred to as the
A. declining marginal utility of money.
B. difference principle of economy.
C. freedom from economic interference.
D. reverse maximization of happiness.

20. With respect to ethics, Albert Carr maintains that business has its own rules, some of which may not apply in other arenas of daily life. In short, he thinks of business ethics as
A. the rules of a game.
B. guided by religious belief.
C. a type of practical immorality.
D. a type of practical morality.